PSI - Issue 36

368 Teodoziia Yatsyshyn et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 362–369 Teodoziia Yatsyshyn, Myroslava Polutrenko, Lubomyr Poberezhny et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000 7

Occurrence of GOWM and OF occurs with uncontrolled release of large masses of fluid into the environment and there is pollution of soils, underground and surface reservoirs, the atmosphere, destruction of vegetation (tab. 4) (Yatsyshyn et al., (2020)). During the construction of gas and gas condensate wells, the risk of hydrogen sulfide release into the air of the working area and the environment increases significantly with the opening of productive formations and subsequent operations at the wellhead (Chuvilov (2002)).

Table 4. Impacts of GOWM and OF on the environment.

Environment of influence

Influencing factors

Consequences of influence

№

1

Atmosphere

Atmospheric pollution CO 2 , CO, soot, NOx, CnHm, H 2 S, SO 2 , benzo (a) pyrene, etc.

Increased morbidity of the respiratory system, there are cases of death of the population of the surrounding areas, the formation of acid rain, the spread to large areas of toxic compounds with their subsequent deposition Unsuitability of water for domestic use, death of river animals, fish and vegetation Unsuitability of territories for agricultural use, desertification of large areas Toxic effects at different trophic levels. Loss of tightness of the production string, destruction of downhole equipment, buildings and man-made structures (eg nuclear power plants)

2

Hydrosphere

Intrusion into reservoirs and aquifers of oil and highly mineralized formation waters Getting on the ground cover of oil and highly mineralized formation waters The entry of highly toxic compounds into the habitat of plants and animals The emergence of karst and hydrodynamic processes, accompanied by a decrease in pressure on the formation, the formation of cavities, subsidence funnels, which activate the occurrence of earthquakes of varying intensity and subsidence of the earth's surface

3

Pedosphere

4

Biota

5

Geological environment

An open fountain in a gas well can be burning or non-burning. There are data that indicate the duration of deposition of chemical compounds formed by open combustion of gases: NO 2 , SO 2 - respectively 6-7 days; CO 2 and CO - more than a year. When burning a gas containing hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere, aerosols of sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate are formed, which are in it several times longer than gases and are the cause of acid rain. For an example of the scale of the catastrophic environmental impact, it is worth quoting from research materials (Kuz'menko V. A., 2006): “The height of the fountain above the well reached 180 m. During the combustion of oil and gas, up to 3,000 tons of sulfur compounds were formed and dispersed into the environment per day… ». The process of liquidation of OF carries a danger for the surrounding settlements, and in particular for the working liquidators of the fountain: thermal radiation, sound pressure, possible high concentrations of explosive and toxic gases, mental stress, etc. Based on the above-mentioned factors, we can see a comprehensive negative environmental impact in the event of GOWM and OF, which is accompanied by significant losses and it is not always possible to realistically assess the consequences of such emergencies. Therefore, the main methodological point in overcoming the consequences of accidents of this type should be their prevention at the design stages. 4. Сonclusions Given the provisions of the ISO 14000 series of standards, which states the need for continuous improvement of all stages of the life cycle in the environmental management system, the oil and gas industry needs significant modernization in the direction of greening the minds of personnel and all processes and equipment. Factors of potential ecological risks at the stages of the life cycle of oil and gas wells are established The analysis of the causes of emergency oil and gas fountains at different stages of the life cycle of oil and gas wells is carried out. The factors that preceded the occurrence of gas-oil-water manifestations and open fountains in more than 100 wells from available sources of information in different conditions of their operation are given. Factors are grouped into separate areas and the most influential are highlighted. The importance of the organizational (human factor) in the formation of the preconditions for the emergence of emergency oil and gas fountains is confirmed.