PSI - Issue 72

Muhammad Zainnal Mutaqin et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 445–452

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bending strength and rigidity can be substantially increased compared to a single structure, addressing weight concerns.

Fig 2. Honeycomb panel sandwich layer structure and application (Kai et al., 2020).

3. Testing Methodology Focusing on marine applications, fatigue phenomena may originate from several sources such as wave action, vibrations induced by vortex, machinery or propeller, wind effect, diving and resurfacing cycles (Knox and Cowling, 1998). The strength of the material can be experimentally tested through laboratory testing using impact loads and bending. The static and dynamic behavior of honeycomb sandwich panels is considered a topic of interest in the field of material science and engineering (Hamza et al., 2024). The static behavior of a honeycomb sandwich panel refers to its response to a load that is applied slowly and steadily without any sudden changes in magnitude or direction (Karimi et al., 2023). Dynamic behavior, on the other hand, refers to the response of the panel to loads that are applied suddenly or repeatedly over time, such as vibrations or impacts, which include the behavior of these structures under the most common load conditions (Karimi et al., 2023). Over the last decade, extensive research has been conducted on the response of honeycomb sandwich structures to impact and static loading, including compression and bending (Palomba, Crupi, and Epasto, 2019). In addition, honeycomb sandwich research also examines the geometry of the core shape, core thickness, face sheet thickness, core density, laminate composition between layers, and load variations, among other factors. Many studies have been conducted using experimental approaches and numerical testing with the Finite Element Method (FEM) as validation of test results. A comparison of experimental and numerical testing is shown in Figure 3.

Fig 3. Comparison of experimental and numerical testing (FEM): (a) Impact testing (Wang et al., 2024); (b) Bending testing (Yu et al., 2024).