PSI - Issue 70

R. Krishnasamy et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 343–349

347

Fig 6: Tested specimen of e/d ratio 5

3.4. Tested Specimen of e/d ratio 6 The experimental results of D-type connection (GFRP bolt + Resin) show that the failure loads decrease with decreasing e/d ratio from 3 to 4 by 4.6 %, e/d ratio from 4 to 5 by 50.4 % and e/d ratio from 3 to 6 by 2.2 %. As e/d ratio is increased from 3 to 5, Failure mode of D-type connection is shear-out failure. However, e/d ratio is increased from 5 to 6, the failure mode is changed from shear-out to bearing failure. Bolted connections transit from shear-out to bearing failure as the edge distance (e) relative to bolt diameter (d) grows. Small e/d leads to shear failure due to high shear stress, while larger e/d increases shear resistance, making bearing stress the critical factor and causing bearing failure.

Fig. 7. Tested specimen of e/d ratio 6

4. Results and Discussion The failure loads of single-bolt connection under tensile loads and corresponding failure mode are presented in Table 1.Failure loads and failure modes of GFRP angle connection tension test result.