PSI - Issue 70

R. Krishnasamy et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 343–349

346

3. Experimental Test 3.1. Tested Specimens of e/d ratio 3

The experimental results of A-type connection (Steel bolt) show that the failure loads increase with increasing e/d ratio from 3 to 4 by 13 %, e/d ratio from 4 to 5 by 52 % and e/d ratio from 5 to 6 by 8.3 %. As e/d ratio is increased from 3 to 5, Failure mode of A type connection is shear-out failure. However, e/d ratio is increased from 5 to 6, the failure mode is changed from shear-out to bearing failure.

Fig 4: Tested specimen of e/d ratio 3

3.2. Tested Specimen of e/d ratio 4

The experimental results of B-type connection (GFRP bolt) show that the failure loads increase with increasing e/d ratio from 3 to 4 by 44 %. As e/d ratio is increased from 4 to 5, the failure load is decreased by 7.7 % whereas e/d ratio from 5 to 6 increases the failure load by 3.3 %. As e/d ratio is increased from 3 to 5, Failure mode of B-type connection is shear-out failure. However, e/d ratio is increased from 5 to 6, the failure mode is changed from shear out to bearing failure.

Fig 5: Tested specimen of e/d ratio 4

3.3. Tested Specimen of e/d ratio 5

The experimental results of C-type connection (Steel bolt + Resin) show that the failure loads increase with increasing e/d ratio from 3 to 4 by 24.7 %. As e/d ratio is increased from 4 to 5, the failure load is decreased by 11.2 %, whereas e/d ratio from 5 to 6 increases the failure load by 2.8 %. Failure mode of C-Type connection is shear-out failure for e/d ratio is 3 and 5. Failure mode is cleavage failure for e/d ratio is 4 and 6.