PSI - Issue 80

Yichen Zhang et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 80 (2026) 289–298 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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5

Two elements in thickness

(c)

(d)

Five elements in thickness

(e) (f) Fig. 4. Damage modes at final failure for the 3D and 2D models with 0° fibre direction: (a) 3D model with single-layer element, (b) 2D model with single-layer element, (c) 3D model with two-layer element, (d) 2D model with two-layer element, (e) 3D model with five-layer element, (f) 2D model with five-layer element.

3.2. 45° cylindrical tube

The 3D model with single-layer elements shows 45° matrix cracking corresponding to the fibre orientation (Fig. 5(a)). While element deletion becomes less pronounced in multi-layer models with 3D PDM, the matrix tensile damage indicator still reveals consistent damage progression aligned with the fibre direction (Figs. 5(c), (e)). In contrast, he 2D models fail to generate fibre-aligned cracks through element deletion, although the single-layer model shows slightly improved Matrix damage patterns compared to the multi-layer cases (Figs. 6(b), (d), (f)). 45° 3D PDM 2D PDM