PSI - Issue 80

Yichen Zhang et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 80 (2026) 289–298 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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(a) (c) Fig. 3. Fibre direction of FRP cylindrical tube models: (a) 0 ° fibre direction, (b) 45 ° fibre direction, (c) 90 ° fibre direction. (b)

The 3D models employ linear brick elements with reduced integration and hourglass control (C3D8R), while the 2D models utilize 8-node quadrilateral continuum shell elements (SC8R) with reduced integration. 3. Comparative analysis of crack propagations predicted by 3D and 2D PDMs Under torsional rotation of FRP tubes with various fibre orientations (0°, 45°, or 90°), the newly developed 3D progressive damage model (3D PDM) consistently demonstrates fibre-aligned crack growth, accompanied by appropriate element deletion along the crack propagations. In contrast, the built-in 2D progressive damage model (2D PDM) in ABAQUS often shows less realistic crack patterns, failing to capture the expected fibre-direction fracture. 3.1. 0° cylindrical tube For the 0° cylindrical tube, the damage modes for the 3D and 2D models with 1, 2, and 5 through-thickness layers of elements are shown in Fig. 4. The 3D model yields cracks extending along the fibre direction with appropriate element deletion, reflecting a reasonable physical failure mode under torsional loading. In contrast, the 2D model shows also circumferential cracking, which differs significantly from the expected fibre-aligned fracture.

0°

3D PDM

2D PDM

Single element in thickness

(a)

(b)