PSI - Issue 77

Zihao Liu et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 190–197 Z. Liu et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000

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Fig. 3. Evolution of trabeculae morphology for two studied shapes for different stimuli for two orthogonal central cross-sections of 3d structures: (a) von Mises stress; (b) deviatoric SED; (c) total SED The X- shaped model also transforms into the rod structure under the compression loading conditions. Here, also the von Mises stress as stimulus resulted in the highest bone mass, while the resorption in the model employing the total SED became more pronounced, leading to only one rod left compared to the two rods in other models. Interestingly, the models with the deviatoric and total SED had similar results, with stronger resorption observed in the latter case. 3.2 Morphology comparison with TB descriptors Although some of the evolution features can be observed in different models, the differences between them can be further expressed with the descriptors specially suggested for TB, such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV), structure model index (SMI) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th). The SMI introduced by Salmon et al. (2015) describes the trabeculae morphology - from spherical (SMI = 4) to cylindrical (SMI = 3) to planar (SMI = 0). The comparison of calculated descriptors for models with the X-shaped geometry with different stimuli is shown in Fig. 4.

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