PSI - Issue 64

Andrea Armonico et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 604–611 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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4. Conclusions The experimental tests evaluated the performance under static and dynamic loads of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with externally bonded CFRP fabrics. In detail, the principal results derived from the tests can be summarised as follows: • The 4-point bending test had an ideal failure mode caused by the tensile failure of half of the CFRP fabric. As a result of the rupture, a cohesive type of debonding occurred for half of the fabric, while an adhesive type of debonding occurred in the other half; • The centreline deflection of the beams was unchanged in its elastic component, while it showed variations concerning the plastic component. However, contrary to what was observed in the lower scale beams, the reinforced specimen presented a deformation capacity 20% higher; • The cracking behaviour of the beams was monitored using DIC. The cracks in the strengthened beam showed a smaller amplitude, although they were more widespread than those in the reference beam. The crack pattern measured in the two beams, on the other hand, followed the deformation pattern of the steel, showing an elastic-constant law in the case of the reference beam and an elastic-incremental law in the strengthened beam; • In order to assess the strain in a distributed manner, a glass-fibre coated optical fibre sensor was used. The result obtained was a strain measurement every 5.2 mm, with a frequency of 1 acquisition per second during the entire test duration. The fibre showed a significant deformation difference between the two beams tested (i.e., reference and reinforced) at the same load and a greater number of deformation peaks in the beam fitted with CFRP. In addition, in order to evaluate the crack location capability, the optical acquisition was compared with that obtained using DIC showing the adequacy of the fibre in detecting cracks; Future development is undoubtedly dictated by the combination of these measuring and monitoring in order to be able to create digital twins of the infrastructure capable of automatically processing the information provided by the various measuring systems while providing alerts if certain deformation or cracking thresholds are exceeded. References Agisoft, L.L.C., 2019. Agisoft metashape user manual, Professional edition, Version 1.5. Accessed January 16th, 2019. Armonico, A.; Michel, L.;Saidi, M.; Ferrier, E. Experimental Study on the Effect of Steel Reinforcement Ration on the Cracking Behaviour of FRP-Strengthened RC Elements. Buildings 2024, 14, 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ buildings14040950 Emmanuel Ferrier, Laurent Michel, Andrea Armonico, Monitoring of RC Beams Using Smart FRP Bonded Material, Symposium Paper, Volume: 360,Appears on pages(s): 299-317, DOI: 10.14359/51740632 Barrile, V., Bilotta, G., Meduri, G., Trovato, S., D’Amore, E., 2016. Structural Modeling of a Historic Castle Using Close Range Photogrammetry. Int. J. Math. Comput. Simul. 10, 370 – 380. Biscarini, C., Catapano, I., Cavalagli, N., Ludeno, G., Pepe, F.A., Ubertini, F., 2020. UAV photogrammetry, infrared thermography and GPR for enhancing structural and material degradation evaluation of the Roman masonry bridge of Ponte Lucano in Italy. NDT E Int., Data Fusion, Integration and Advances of Non-Destructive Testing Methods in Civil and Environmental Engineering 115, 102287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102287 Chen, S., Laefer, D.F., Mangina, E., Zolanvari, S.M.I., Byrne, J., 2019. UAV Bridge Inspection through Evaluated 3D Reconstructions. J. Bridge Eng. 24, 05019001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943 5592.0001343 Elkhrachy, I., 2021. Accuracy Assessment of Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Photogrammetry. Alex. Eng. J. 60, 5579 – 5590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.04.011 ENAC, 2014. Regolamento Mezzi Aerei a Pilotaggio Remoto. Faugeras, O., Luong, Q.-T., Papadopoulo, T., 2001. The Geometry of Multiple Images: The Laws That Govern the Formation of Multiple Images of a Scene and Some of Their Applications. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3259.001.0001 Kassotakis, N., Sarhosis, V., Peppa, M.V., Mills, J., 2021. Quantifying the effect of geometric uncertainty on the structural behaviour of arches developed from direct measurement and Structure-from-Motion (SfM)