PSI - Issue 64

Alex Carpenter et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 319–326 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

322

4

Load cell (Ceravolo, et al., 2021) (Ceravolo, et al., 2017)

- Useful to determine force on structural element - Effective at monitoring stress in structural members - Effectively monitors strain in structural members - Moisture monitoring is beneficial for sonic testing - Beneficial for regression analysis

- Only useful monitoring a specific structural element - Only useful monitoring a specific structural element - Only useful monitoring a specific structural element - Less beneficial than temperature sensors for inclinometer regression analysis

Italy (1)

- Short-term monitoring to determine force on structural element (1) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (2)

Pressure cell (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Ceravolo, et al., 2021) (Ceravolo, et al., 2017) Strain gauge (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Colla & Pascale, 2014) Humidity/Moisture (Aguilar, et al., 2019) (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Ceravolo, et al., 2017) (De Ponti, et al., 2017) (Elyamani, et al., 2016) (Gentile, et al., 2019) (Kosnik, et al., 2013) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Lorenzoni, et al., 2016) (Makoond, et al., 2020) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) (Mesquita, et al., 2018) (Potenza, et al., 2015) (Yanik, et al., 2023) Temperature (Surface) (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) (Ramos, et al., 2010) Temperature (Ambient) (Aguilar, et al., 2019) (Bednarski, et al., 2017) (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Ceravolo, et al., 2021) (Colla & Pascale, 2014) (Gentile, et al., 2019) (Kita, et al., 2021) (Kosnik, et al., 2013) (Lima, et al., 2008) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Lorenzoni, et al., 2016) (Makoond, et al., 2020) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) (Mesquita, et al., 2018) (Nguyen & Livaoğlu, 2023) (Pawlak, et al., 2023) (Potenza, et al., 2015) (Ramos, et al., 2010) (Saisi, et al., 2018) (Sánchez, et al., 2016) (Vincente, et al., 2023) (Yanik, et al., 2023) Anemometer (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Gentile, et al., 2019) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Pawlak, et al., 2023) (Ramos, et al., 2010) (Vincente, et al., 2023)

Italy (1) Spain (1) Italy (1) Spain (1)

- Long-term monitoring (2)

India (3) Italy (4) Peru (1) Portugal (3) Spain (2) U.S.A. (1)

- Long-term monitoring (7) - Monitoring seismic impacts (5) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (3) - Ambient vibration testing (3) - Long-term monitoring (2) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (2) - Ambient vibration testing (1) - Long-term monitoring (15) - Monitoring seismic impacts (6) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (7) - Ambient vibration testing (3)

- Beneficial for regression analysis of crack monitoring

- Ambient temperature sensors are more efficient for general monitoring

Portugal (2) Spain (1)

- Effective for gaining an understanding of the environment - Necessary for long-term regression analysis

- Less beneficial than surface temperature sensors for monitoring cracks

India (3) Italy (8) Peru (1) Poland (2) Portugal (4) Spain (4) U.K. (1) U.S.A. (1)

- Beneficial for regression analysis - Necessary for interpreting inclinometer data

- Less relevant for displacement sensors

Poland (1) Portugal (1) Spain (2)

- Long-term monitoring (3) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (1) - Ambient vibration testing (1) - Long-term monitoring (2) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (1)

Wind vane (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Vincente, et al., 2023)

- Beneficial for use with inclinometers and accelerometers

- Minimal relevance for displacement sensors

Spain (2)

3. Case study: developing an SHM plan for the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception 3.1. History and current state of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture, boasting a front façade rose window, a four-tiered steeple, blind arches, buttresses, and pinnacles. Constructed 1853-1855 as a place of worship for the Irish immigrants of Saint John, the structure is composed of ashlar, limestone, and squared freestone with lime mortar pointing and timber roof trusses (Murphy, et al., 1987). The copper spire, added in 1871, gained significance in the Saint John skyline as a navigational landmark to assist sailing vessels entering the harbour (Murphy, et al., 1987).