PSI - Issue 64

Alex Carpenter et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 319–326 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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Accelerometer (Aguilar, et al., 2019) (Baggio, et al., 2021) (Bianconi, et al., 2020) (Boscato, et al., 2016) (Boscato, et al., 2013) (Ceravolo, et al., 2021) (Chrysostomou, et al., 2004) (Colla & Pascale, 2014) (De Ponti, et al., 2017) (Di Lorenzo, et al., 2019) (Elyamani, et al., 2016) (Kita, et al., 2021) (Makoond, et al., 2022) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) (Nguyen & Livaoğlu, 2023) (Perez-Gracia, et al., 2019) (Potenza, et al., 2015) (Ramos, et al., 2010) (Russo, 2012) (Saisi, et al., 2018) (Salvatore & Eleonora, 2020) (Samuels, et al., 2011) (Sánchez, et al., 2016) (Takhirov, et al., 2023) (Vincente, et al., 2023) (Yanik, et al., 2023) (Zonno, et al., 2018) Displacement sensors (Bednarski, et al., 2017) (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Ceravolo, et al., 2021) (Ceravolo, et al., 2017) (Gentile, et al., 2019) (Kosnik, et al., 2013) (Lima, et al., 2008) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Lorenzoni, et al., 2016) (Makoond, et al., 2020) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) (Mesquita, et al., 2018) (Potenza, et al., 2015) (Russo, 2012) (Saisi, et al., 2018)(Sánchez, et al., 2016) Crack metre (Bednarski, et al., 2017) (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Ceravolo, et al., 2021) (Ceravolo, et al., 2017) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Makoond, et al., 2020) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) Extensometer (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Ceravolo, et al., 2017) (Gentile, et al., 2019) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Makoond, et al., 2020) (Potenza, et al., 2015) (Russo, 2012) LVDT (Ceravolo, et al., 2017) (Colla & Pascale, 2014) (Kosnik, et al., 2013)

- Effective for monitoring structure’s global response - Effective for monitoring under seismic conditions - Can identify lower

- Requires anemometer to determine if tilt is due to structural changes or environmental factors - Requires a large system of accelerometers for a global response - Need measurements in two directions; bi axial or tri-axial is often more beneficial than mono-axial

Cuba (1) Cyprus (1) India (3) Italy (12) Mexico (1) Nepal (2) Peru (1) Poland (1) Portugal (2) Spain (4) Turkey (1) Uzbekistan (1) Italy (7) Mexico (1) Poland (1) Portugal (3) Spain (3) U.S.A. (1)

- Long-term monitoring (10) - Monitoring seismic impacts (18) - Ambient vibration testing (19) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (5)

modes in AVT - Smaller than velocimeters - Easily adaptable

- Effective for long-term crack monitoring - Vibrating wire displacement sensors are resistant to environmental impacts

- Need temperature data

- Long-term monitoring (18) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (9) - Monitoring seismic impacts (7)

- Effective for long-term monitoring of existing cracks

- Need temperature data - Need to consider interior or exterior installation - Need temperature data

Poland (1) Portugal (1) Spain (3)

- Long-term monitoring (5) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (2) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1) - Long-term monitoring (5) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (3) - Monitoring seismic impacts (3) - Long-term monitoring (3) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (2) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1) - Long-term monitoring (4) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1) - Monitoring results of conservation efforts (2) - Monitoring impacts of nearby construction (1) - Long-term monitoring (3) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1) - Monitoring impacts of nearby construction (1) - Monitoring seismic impacts (1)

- Effective for long-term monitoring of existing cracks

Italy (4) Spain (2)

- Effective for long-term monitoring of existing cracks

- Need temperature data

Italy (2) U.S.A. (1)

Radar interferometer (Calcina, et al., 2013)

- Non-intrusive - Allows for remote displacement measuring - Acceptable for potentially structurally unsound buildings - Effective for measuring change of tilt of structural members

- Trees, vegetation, suspended cables, nearby metal structures, etc. can produce significant noise in the data - Need environmental data - Difficult to measure low-frequency displacements in oscillating structures - Longer and more intensive installation

Italy (1)

Inclinometers (Tilt metres) (Ackigoz, et al., 2022) (Blanco, et al., 2019) (Gentile, et al., 2019) (Lombillo, et al., 2015) (Makoond, et al., 2020) (Masciotta, et al., 2017) (Mesquita, et al., 2018) (Pawlak, et al., 2023) (Potenza, et al., 2015) (Sánchez, et al., 2016) (Vincente, et al., 2023) Fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) (Ackigoz, et al., 2022) (Lima, et al., 2008) (Marazzi, et al., 2011)

Italy (2) Mexico (1) Poland (1) Portugal (2)

Spain (4) U.K. (1)

- Small, lightweight, flexible, and versatile - Minimal damage to building fabric - High density of data - Insensitive to electromagnetic fields

Italy (1) Portugal (1) U.K. (1)