PSI - Issue 64

M. Komary et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 693–699

696

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Mahyad Komary/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

laser and accelerometer to the board's SCL and SDA I2C ports [9]. Since both types of range circuits have been joined and adhered to one another, data from both would be measured virtually concurrently on the static experiment. To conduct the dynamic experiment, a separate circuit for the accelerometer needed to be created. The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) was used to program the microcontroller, enabling the construction of a codebase to handle sensor readings and data transmission. Ultimately, using a USB cord, two distinct scripts were written on the Arduino platform and uploaded to the board. A few dynamic and static experiments have been conducted in order to determine the primary properties of these sensors. 4. Experiments and Findings The test program was designed to evaluate the performance of various low-cost sensors in both static and dynamic conditions. The primary goals were to assess sensor accuracy, reliability, and suitability for SHM applications. The following experiments were conducted. 4.1. Static Experiment In order to measure the same distance against several materials, the two ranging sensors were tested. This static experiment generally was conducted to determine the distance from a large book, both with and without extremely high ambient light. The temperature sensor on the test with the extremely high ambient light (where a lightbulb was employed) was shifted a bit away from the source of heat and light, so the sensor would not be harmed by the intense heat generated by the lightbulb. A clear and translucent plastic cover, some thin tissues, a black paper, and a white paper were the other items examined in this static experiment to compare the results of the both ranging sensors. Standard deviations derived from the conducted tests are displayed in Table 1, along with the outcomes of the same experiment conducted under other conditions. It should be noted that when compared to the laser sensor, the ultrasonic sensor — which was the chipset sensor and the simplest to install — performed better. On the negative side, this sensor requires at least 4 volts to operate fully and 5 volts for interaction digital ports. The pace at which this sensor provides data may be the only issue. This sensor only has a frequency of 20Hz, whereas the laser produces data at a quicker rate of 50Hz. Stated otherwise, this sensor has a maximum data output of 20 per second. The primary issue with ultrasonic sensors is their reliance on surrounding temperature and humidity. Considering that sound travels differently depending on the surroundings. In order to perform proper calculations, this sensor requires the sound speed. The idea of this research is to use a laser sensor in place of an ultrasonic sensor in situations where there is a chance of excessive ambient light or temperature changes. The choice between using the first or second laser sensor depends on the possible conditions and range of the experiment. 4.2. Dynamic Experiment A test has been conducted to evaluate the accelerometer sensor's dependability. The accelerometer had saved the vibrations, and a sinus signal had been programmed using a dynamic jack. As intended, this jack's bottom plate can shake. The hydraulic jack was instructed to produce a wave at a predetermined frequency of 5 hertz (five full waves Table 1. Results of ranging experiments. Sensor Thick Book (mm) White (mm) Paper Black (mm) Paper Tissue (mm) Plastic Cover (mm) Extreme Light (mm) Ultrasonic (HC-SR04) 6.1 18.7 14.8 10 3520 16.2 7 32.3 Laser (VL53L1X) 15 18.7 31.2 219.4