PSI - Issue 72

Kevin Fabian Arsaputera et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 409–417

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Figure 4. Graphical results of the mesh convergence study.

5. Conclusions This study has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of finite element analysis in predicting the ballistic impact response of trapezoidal-core sandwich panels. The following key conclusions can be drawn: 1. The numerical simulation results show excellent agreement with experimental data, with an average error of 2.778% in predicting residual velocities across different initial impact conditions. This validates the reliability of the computational approach used in this study. 2. Mesh convergence analysis revealed that mesh refinement significantly affects simulation accuracy up to a critical size, beyond which further refinement yields diminishing returns. The optimal mesh size of 0.25 mm in the impact zone and 20 mm in the non-impact zone provides the best balance between computational efficiency and accuracy. 3. The Johnson-Cook material model effectively captures the complex material behavior of Aluminum 1100 H12 under high-strain-rate conditions, accurately predicting both deformation patterns and failure mechanisms during ballistic impact. 4. The study establishes that the projectile's residual velocity is highly sensitive to initial impact conditions and target plate configuration, providing valuable insights for designing protective structures. 5. These findings contribute to understanding ballistic impact mechanics and provide a validated computational framework for designing and optimizing protective structures. Future research could further explore the effects of varying plate geometries and material combinations to enhance protective capabilities. References Yu, Y., Li, J., Xie, Z., Gao, G., Sheiki, M.R., Li, J., 2025. Ballistic performance of aluminum alloy plates with polyurea coatings for high-speed train structures. Composite Structures 351, 118553 Merwe, S.R.V.D., Desai, D.A., Snedden, G.C., Okanigbe, D.O., 2024. Aircraft turbine fan casing and ballistic fan blade impact: Geometry and material. Heliyon 10, e24157 Elvi, B.S., Berstad, T., Børvik, T., Aune, V., 2023. Performance of thin blast-loaded steel plates after ballistic impact from small-arms projectiles. International Journal of Impact Engineering 173, 104437 Chang, L., Guo, Y., Huang, X., Xia, Y., Cai, Z., 2021. Experimental study on the protective performance of bulletproof plate and padding materials under ballistic impact. Materials and Design 207, 109841 Gupta, N.K., Iqbal, M.A., Sekhon, G.S., 2007. Effect of projectile nose shape, impact velocity and target thickness on deformation behavior of aluminum plates. International Journal of Solids and Structures 44(10), 3411-3439 Johnson, G.R., Cook, W.H., 1983. A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics, Hague, the Netherlands Rahman, R.A., Prabowo, A.R., Ehlers, S., Braun, Yaningsih, I., Muhayat, N., Tjahjana, D.D.D.P., Adiputra, R. 2024. Analysis of the ballistic impact on sandwich panel: Influence of attack angle and target location in structure bullet interaction. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 46, 598