PSI - Issue 72

Kevin Fabian Arsaputera et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 409–417

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In ABAQUS software, material properties are defined by inputting the JC parameters that characterize plasticity and material damage. The plasticity of the material is modeled by specifying values for A, B, n, m, melting temperature, and transition temperature, followed by the strain rate dependency values of C and ̇ ₀ . Additionally, values for ₁ ₂, ₃, ₄, melting, and transition temperatures are used to define material damage. Boundary conditions The experimental study by Gupta et al. (2007) utilizes a pneumatic gun to launch projectiles at varying velocities. The specimen is clamped along its edges in a fixed position. Based on the boundary conditions applied in the experimental testing, the boundary conditions in the simulation are adjusted accordingly. All degrees of freedom (DOF) for displacement and rotation at the front and rear edges of the target plate are constrained (U 1 =U 2 =U 3 =R 1 =R 2 =R 3 =0) because the plate is attached to a rigid structure. The projectile is given only vertical DOF (U 2 ), as air resistance is neglected in this study. The initial impact velocity, applied in the translational direction only, is specified at the reference point of the projectile. 4. Results and Discussion In this numerical simulation, residual velocity is used as a reference metric. Table 2 compares residual velocities obtained from experimental data and numerical simulation. The initial velocity, defined as the projectile’s speed before impact with the target plate, was set to 115.6, 104.03, and 102.5 m/s in the simulation. The findings indicate strong agreement between experimental results and numerical simulation, evidenced by minimal discrepancies in residual velocity values. The graph in Figure 1 illustrates the projectile’s velocity changes over a specific time period, indicating that the projectile can penetrate the plate after a particular duration.

Table 2. Benchmark result.

Residual Velocity (m/s)

Difference (%)

Initial Velocity (m/s)

Numerical Result [5]

Numerical Result [7]

Numerical Result (Present study)

Present study

Experimental

115.6

92.985 80.172 79.167

98.661 83.916 82.512

93.553 77.7171 75.4226

93.5383 77.7484 75.4336

0.5950 3.0230 4.7159

104.03

102.5

Average

2.778

Figure 1. Projectile velocity at initial velocity 115.6 m/s.