PSI - Issue 72

Muhammad Daffa Alifianto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 392 – 400

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A three-dimensional circular hollow tube model with a thickness of 1 mm is created to study axial shortening and energy absorption. Variations in mesh size (1 mm to 15 mm) are tested to determine the optimal mesh, with an impactor pressing the sandwich tube (Su et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2022; Huang et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024). 2. Numerical model and simulation This section explains the finite element model in the axial compression impact simulation scope in ABAQUS. The simulation settings will be reviewed comprehensively. In this study, the material properties are referred to the study conducted by (Pratama et al., 2023), which describes mild steel. The standard input identifier of damage evolution available in ABAQUS analyzes the tube failure is including geometry, finite element mesh, and boundary conditions (Čolić et al., 2024). In the comprehensive scope of this study, the model's capacity is selected to represent the passenger ship hull section. This model describes in detail the complexity of the sandwich panel structure, which is carefully represented in a tube frame with a standard thickness of 1 mm sandwich panels, as visually depicted in Figure 3. A three-dimensional finite element model of a 1 mm thick hollow circular tube with an outer diameter of 80, an inner diameter of 60 mm, and a length of 200 mm is created in ABAQUS/CAE to study the effect of diameter on axial shortening and energy absorption. A blunt-headed cylindrical projectile with a diameter of 93 mm, a length of 186 mm, and a mass of 5.13 kg is used to study the dynamic response of the tube (Tak and Iqbal, 2021). This analysis focuses on the variation of sandwich panel mesh in ABAQUS to determine the optimal mesh size based on the convergence of the results and the computation time. An impactor compresses the panel, with a mesh size variation from 1 mm to 15 mm. 2.1. Material properties The material chosen for this simulation, specifically mild steel, has the properties- different material properties are carefully outlined in Table 1. These materials and their respective properties are essential for numerical simulations, providing a realistic basis for investigating their structural response under various conditions. Table 1. Material parameters of mild steel. Description Notation Numerical Value Modulus of elasticity E (N/ m 2 ) 203× 10 9 Poisson’s ratio N (-) 0.33 Density ρ (kg/ m 3 ) 7850 Yield stress constant A (N/ m 2 ) 304.33 ×10 6 Strain hardening constant B (N/ m 2 ) 422 ×10 6 N 0.345 Viscous effect C 0.0156 Thermal softening constant m 0.87 Reference strain rate ε̇ 0 (s−1) 0.0001 Melting temperature T melt (K) 1800 Transition temperature T 0 (K) 293 Fracture strain constant D1 0.1152 D2 1.0116 D3 -1.7684 D4 -0.05279 D5 0.5262