PSI - Issue 72

Khedim Fatima Zahra et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 479–490

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1. Introduction Non-renewable energies dominate the economy in most of the world's countries, according to the Oil 2023 medium-term market report forecasts that based on current government policies and market trends, global oil demand will rise by 6% between 2022 and 2028 to reach 105.7 million barrels per day (mb/d), supported by robust demand from the petrochemical and aviation sectors, IEA (2008). However, oil and gas companies have objectives to become also more competitive in the renewable energy sector, expected to reach around 20% globally in 2024, IEA (2023), especially in EU countries to avert economic collapse following the emergence of the Ukrainian-Russian crisis. They also seek to raise their output to 40% in 2024, IEA (2008). Thus, to become the first clean continent by 2050. The countries of the world want to reach the decarbonizing the planet using green hydrogen through water electrolysis, hydrogen is currently mainly used in two sectors. One use is in the chemical industry for manufacturing ammonia and fertilizers. While it’s se cond main use is in the petrochemical industry to produce petroleum products. As used in transportation fuel, will also be key for mining vehicles and maritime transport, Active Sustainability (2019). Production is expected to reach 2% by 2030 and 10% in 2050, Campari et al. (2023). This new tendency of energy source 100 % sustainable does not emit polluting gases either during combustion or during production and is easy to store, which allows it to be used subsequently for other purposes, Erdener et al. (2023). Although hydrogen is clean and renewable, it also has negative aspects to consider, it poses a risk to transportation pipes by causing internal corrosion, and in addition the electrolysis method for generating green hydrogen is high cost. So, his industry still depends on traditional energy sources through Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) using natural gas and coal gasification PGJ online (2023). Back to classic energies we find about 114,403 miles of pipelines in world either planned or under construction at the beginning of 2023, Sonatrach (2022). Among them more than 21 190 km for the year 2022 at Sonatrach company (2022) in Algeria are represent 98% of its foreign exchange earnings with derivatives, Algeria Invest (2013), of oil and gas. Those transportations pipes are manufactured from steel and alloys, because it is a strong, safety, and durable material against the material degradation. Pipe corrosion is one of the main causes of loss of materials in the oil and gas industry, most accidents being caused by 36 % external corrosion and 63 % internal corrosion, Soudani et al. (2018). In Algeria estimated annual cost of corrosion gas and petroleum pipes is 5 billion of dinars per year 2021, Sonatrach (2021). This pipe degradation causes too many problems classified into four main categories: fire, release, explosion and gas cloud. This problem is under range environment-related factors (concentration, oxygen content, temperature, pressure, presence of bacteria, water presenceand aggressive media such as acid circuits [hydrogen sulfate acid (H2SO4), hydrogen chloride acid (HCl), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 )] Soudani et al. (2018) ...). Inaddition,other parameters effect the degradation of pipeline such as the surface condition, pressure, shock and friction. These drawbacks most steel pipes are repaired according to traditional methods such as coatings protection, cathodic and/or anodic protection. Sometimes it is necessary to remove the damaged part and replace it with a new pipe or by reinforcing the damaged area with external steel sleeves. These conventional methods of reform require a lot of money. So, it is needed to find alternative solutions among them flexible pipe by thermoplastic composite pipes, Okolie et al. (2023), since they are corrosion-resistant and do not react quickly with the crude transported through it. But it has a high cost for the base materials and complexity in manufacturing through melt fusion bonding and particularly for certain processing factors, raw material and industrial errors, these defects include voids, gaps and fibre misalignment… Sun et al. (2020). On the other hand, among the known solutions use "the synthetic inhibitors" more effective, widely exemplified by applications, has a longer shelf life, these inhibitors are often used in offshore platforms, pipelines and nuclear power plants where maintenance is difficult or so expensive, Al-Amiery (2023a). However, their cost is high and requires selection and appropriate doses to prevent environmental damage and interference with other chemical processes in the industrial system, Raja et al. (2016). The wide application of toxic corrosion inhibitors, it has become a threat to the environment. That's why the world has resorted to proposing natural materials as alternatives, which are both inexpensive and safe unlike costly and harmful industrial inhibitors, Al-Amiery (2022) . A new tendency of “Green inhibitors” has attracted strong