PSI - Issue 70

Ragupathi V. et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 548–555

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1. Introduction In the global construction sector, concrete is the most distinctive building material due to its uncomplicated production process, cost-effectiveness, and the easy accessibility of raw materials. Over a past decade there is demand and shortage of construction material is persisting due to developments of infrastructures. To solve the problems in the current scenario the civil engineers’ sectors handling the challenges to convert the waste material into valuable concrete building material. In recent days many investigations were carried out to identify the various performance such as fresh, hardened and long-term resilience behavior of concrete with waste industrial or agro by products, fibres, recycled wastes etc. (Prakash & Lakshmi,2023). Cement is the main constituent binder material in concrete. Its production in the world is thirty billion tonnes every year and it releases huge amount of global warming causes gases which estimates its contributing 8% (Thomas et al.,2021). In order to minimize the usage of cement, researchers globally are looking into several industrial by-products that are often abundant in silica and can serve as alternative cementitious materials in the construction industry. Extensive research has been reviewed on the efficient use of rice husk ash, metakaolin, fly ash, slag and silica fume (Zareei et al.,2018). Agricultural waste-based materials like Bagasse ash (BA) were used to substitute cement because it is chemically similar to cement and contains a high concentration of silica, aluminium, and calcium oxide. It requires a minimum amount of processing to achieve the standards needed for pozzolanic materials because they comprise cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, wax, and ash as the key constituents (Raghuram et al.,2024; Kolawole et al.,2021; Srinivasan & Sathiya 2010). BA effectively react with water and chemical compound Ca(OH)2 and produce the C-S-H gel product similar like cement (Thomas et al.,2021). Because of its chemical and mineral composition, SBA is the most important component of both Portland cement and geo-polymer cement. In the global level sugarcane production is 70 to 80% and in India 376 million tonnes of sugarcane is cultivating every year. By burning the bagasse 26% of bagasse ash was generated for each ton. Thus, with this enormous production, it is good challenge to utilize BA as sustainable material in construction industry with economically. BA offers a number of benefits, including as the ability to withstand a variety of conditions, lower maintenance needs, and a high durability to weight. The pozzolanic reaction was enhanced in concrete only with the BA possessing high fineness and it’s also effected by impurities in ash, particle size and crystalline nature of silica (Somna et al.,2012; Cordeiro et al.,2008). Significant particle size and porosity BA necessitates an increased water content in the concrete for hydration, resulting in diminished compressive properties (Cordeiro et al.,2011). The hydration process was initially delayed, long time setting occurs in adding BA due to phosphorous pentoxide and sulphur trioxide (Cordeiro et al.,2016). The microstructural investigation indicated a reduction in workability and an increase in water consumption attributed to the elevated surface area of the ash (Bahurudeen et al., 2015; da Silva et al., 2021). Many studies were carried out with incorporation of BA in varying percentage of 5 to 30 in concrete it reports shows that the improvement in hardened strength properties, durability behaviour and water absorption performance. Increasing of curing period, the strength development is higher in BA added concrete and it shows good resistance to sulphate attack and exhibits low permeability (Arenas et al.,2016). Several studies addressed the usage of alternate aggregate as a fine aggregate. In this sense, another viable solution is leftover foundry sand (FS), and its utilization provides zero waste goals (Garcia et al.,2024). It is the major by product from metal alloy casting industry and India is third largest manufacturing country and the by-product waste generation is in tonnes per year (Bhardwaj& Kumar,2017). It possesses high quality, high content of silica, bentonite clay and good thermal conductivity when compared to natural river sand utilized in the construction field. (Kumar et al.,2020). Beyond the 40% replacement of FS the workability decreases it leads to demand of water content and reduction in strength due to large surface area which results in reduce the gel formation of water to cement and weakened the cement and aggregate bonding (Jeyanthi et al., 2023; Martins et al.,2019). The waste foundry sand was treated with solution before used as construction material to improves the concrete properties (Kavitha et al.,2021). The waste FS enhances the quality, gives denser texture and durable comparison to convention concrete. To rectify these flaws, from the reviews it confirmed that the crack formation and its development, strength characteristics and toughness in concrete were increased by the addition of fibres either synthetic or natural fibers and it’s a fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) (Ahmad & Umar ,2018; Yoo & Banthia,2016; Marushchak et al.,2019).