PSI - Issue 70

Anubhav Kumar Singh et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 572–579

579

The correlation between impedance signatures and these structural changes confirmed the accuracy of this method. Overall, this technique not only identifies the early onset of structural damage but also distinguishes its severity, making it a reliable tool for the real-time inspection of structural health. 4. Conclusion This study confirms that the EMI technique is a useful method for the real-time detection of moderate and severe structural damage. This study shows how electrical impedance can provide data on mechanical impedance. • The shifting of the peak towards the left in the frequency vs. conductance graph showed decrease in the stiffness of the structure and hence an increase in the damage level. • Moderate damage was effectively detected by observing a considerable decrease in equivalent stiffness and equivalent mass, with changes of less than 7%. Beyond this point, when the structural changes in equivalent stiffness and mass became imperceptible with ongoing deterioration, it indicated that the damage was severe. • The RMSD rose in an increasing manner with the severity of damage, indicating a greater degree of deviation in dynamics as the level of structural deterioration increased. The data set analysis showed a clear trend between the percentage change in stiffness and the phase of damage. Hence, the results validate the EMI technique's performance in distinguishing between different damage levels, making it a useful tool for structural health monitoring and early damage diagnosis. As a whole, the results indicate that the EMI method not only facilitates early damage detection but also its severity assessment. This makes it a prospective and suitable instrument for continuous structural health monitoring, providing valuable input for proactive maintenance and ensuring the long-term safety of important infrastructure. References Ai, Demi, Yang, Zeliang, Li, Hedong, Zhu, Hongping, 2021. Heating-time effect on electromechanical admittance of surface-bonded PZT sensor for concrete structural monitoring. Measurement, Volume 184, November 2021, 109992. Bhalla, Suresh, Soh, Chee, Kiong, 2003. Structural Impedance Based Damage Diagnosis by Piezo-Transducers. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 32 (12), 1897-1916. Bhalla, Suresh, Soh, Chee, Kiong, 2004. Structural Health Monitoring by Piezoimpedance transducers: Modeling. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 17(4): 154-165. Crawley, Edward, F., Luis, Javier, de, 1987. Use of Piezoelectric Actuators as Elements of Intelligent Structures. AIAA Journal, 25(10): 1373 1385. Fairweather, James, A., Littlefield, Andrew, Craig, Kevin, C., 2000. FEA based impedance method for designing active structures. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, New York, 3985. Hixson, Elmer, L., 1988. Mechanical Impedance. In: Harris, C.M. (ed.), Shock and Vibration Handbook, 3rd edn., Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York, 10.1 – 10.46. Ikeda, Takuro, 1990. Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Li, Guangping, Luo, Mingzhang, Huang, Jinping, Li, Weijie, 2023. Early-age concrete strength monitoring using smart aggregate based on electromechanical impedance and machine learning. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Volume 186, 109865, ISSN 0888-3270. Liang, C., Sun, F.P., Rogers, C.A., 1997. An Impedance Method for Dynamic Analysis of Active Material Systems. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 323-334. Park, Gyuhae, Cudney, Harley, H., Inman, Daniel, J., 2000. Impedance-based Health Monitoring of Civil Structural Components. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 6(4), 153 – 160. Rogers, C.A., 1990. Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Proceedings of U.S.-Japan Workshop on Smart/Intelligent Materials and Systems, 11-33. Sirohi, Jayant, Chopra, Inderjit, 2000. Fundamental Understanding of Piezoelectric Strain Sensors. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11(4):246 – 257. Soh, C. K., Tseng, K.K.H., Bhalla, S., Gupta, A., 2000. Performance of Smart Piezoceramic Patches in Health Monitoring of a RC bridge. Smart Materials & Structures, 9, pp. 533-542. Ta, Quoc-Bao, Pham, Quang-Quang, Pham, Ngoc-Lan, Kim, Jeong-Tae, 2024. Integrating the Capsule-like Smart Aggregate-Based EMI Technique with Deep Learning for Stress Assessment in Concrete. Sensors, 24(14), 4738. Zhou, Su-Wei, Liang, Chen, Rogers, C.A., 1995. Integration and Design of Piezoceramic Elements in Intelligent Structures. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 6(6): 733-743. Zhou, Su-Wei, Liang, Chen, Rogers, C.A., 1996. An Impedance-Based System Modeling Approach for Induced Strain Actuator-Driven Structures. Journal of Vibrations and Acoustics, 118(3): 323-331.