PSI - Issue 70

Rakesh Kumar et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 517–524

518

1.Introduction Foamed mortar (FM) is a versatile and lightweight substance characterised by a uniformly distributed pore structure, created through the mechanical injection of air bubble. This material comprises a minimum of 20% Portland cement paste or mortar Mohamed et al. (2014). The density of FM may range from 400 to 1600 kg/m3 FM exhibits Inferior mechanical characteristics compared to concrete. FM serves as a superior option for low-rise houses when utilised wall Mydin et al (2023). Economical, self-levelling, low-thermal-conductivity, fire-resistant foamed mortar. It serves effectively as filler, insulation a building's weight, thereby minimising seismic risk. decrease in the use of cement and aggregate. The chemical emissions originating from various industrial phases could account for this phenomenon. These materials are recognised for their global environmental pollution impact Cai et al. (2023). The alternative utilised a foaming agent. The foaming technique that was planned produced FM for this experiment. The strength and longevity of cementitious materials are determined by their pore structure. The permeability and porosity are determined by the pore structure. Merely evaluating porosity air void content is not enough. The shape, size, and distribution of voids influence the strength and durability of concrete Okoro et al. (2021). Determined that FM's strength is suitable for industrialised construction systems. The material has the potential to span vast construction gaps without the need. Observed at 28-day and 1-year intervals that dry density had a greater impact on FM's compressive strength than ash-substituted cement. Researchers indicate that when cured appropriately, fly ash does not affect the compressive strength of cement. Reducing the size of sand particles enhances the strength of concrete Bikila et al. (2021). FM, similar to other cement-based concretes, contributes to pollution. The cement industry emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide, which plays a role in global warming. These emissions lead to climate a building materials is rising, making the incorporation of sawdust in concrete production essential. Sawdust decreases weight and enhances the thermal insulation of concrete; however, it also compromises its strength. Researchers are exploring methods to treat sawdust prior to its incorporation into concrete to address this issue. These treatments reduce the structural damage caused by sawdust to concrete while enhancing its benefits. The potential for sustainable and effective use of sawdust in concrete production exists. Heat causes the volatile compounds in sawdust to evaporate. This results in a more robust material that has the potential to substitute concrete aggregates. state that the performance of Wood-Crete is enhanced by the addition of hot water or boiling alkali to sawdust. enhance compressive strength by 30% and 260%, respectively. Sawdust is widely recognised. Utilising wood for power generation could reduce waste. The thermal burning method decreases the weight and volume of wood waste, yet it introduces sawdust ash as a new concern. Incineration, the conventional method for disposing of sawdust, emits harmful gases and pollutants. To address this issue, sawdust has been utilised Particles can be classified based on their size: enormous (>710 µm), coarse (CPS) (24-60 mesh, 350 710 µm), and microscopic FPS sawdust samples characterised by specific particle sizes and grain compositions.1% of the samples successfully passing through a 45 µm diameter. Following the burning process, sawdust was passed through a 45 µm (No. 325) filter for filtration. It is classified by ASTM as a Class F pozzolan. In Penang, Malaysia, commercial sawmills provided sawdust that was kept at room temperature and humidity. In Iraq and other developing countries, the disposal of sawdust can pose risks to individuals. Incinerating this discovered that cement-wood ash mixtures ought to possess a compressive strength of 10% – 20% of the binder weight. utilised sawdust as a substitute for 10% – 50% sand. The study assessed the compressive strength of concrete through the use of 150-mm cubes. The IS code specified 10% as the suitable dosage based on its range and potency. The investigation determined that the concrete's variability and lack of strength rendered it inappropriate for structural applications. partially substituted sand with dosages of 100% and increments of 25%. Sand exhibits homogeneity and curvature at 1.049 and 1.324. The figures indicate that the material complies with British grade and quality standards. The average sand crushing value meets the requirements of the IS code. When the dosage surpassed 25%, the strength of the concrete dropped below the standards for lightweight concrete. As the replacement level reached 25%, there was a noticeable decline in both the workability and strength of the concrete. There are two fundamental methods that generate sawdust. Sawdust in oxygen produces heat and energy in the initial manner. Sawdust is incinerated in specially designed units. The second approach involves heating sawdust in a controlled setting with minimal or no oxygen to combustion.