PSI - Issue 70

Sidhartha Parida et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 335–342

336

landfilling and storage, cause soil and groundwater pollution. By diverting these byproducts from waste management, the study aims to reduce the environmental consequences of construction and aid Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for resource efficiency and environmental protection. The study aims todevelop M30 grade self compacting concrete (SCC) from bottom ash and copper slag, which are workable for use in intricate infrastructure projects because of their improved workability. The study will examine the mechanical and durability characteristics of the mix to ensure it is equal to or better than conventional concrete. The new approach has the potential to minimize the use of natural sand, enhance sustainable construction, and offer an environment-friendly alternative to conventional building material. 2. Literature review Replacement of river sand by substitutes in construction is an important method to minimize environmental footprints. Industrial waste materials such as bottom ash (CBA), fly ash, copper slag (CS), steel slag, red mud, tannery sludge, blast furnace slag, and silica fumes have been investigated for their concrete substitute application. These waste materials can improvemechanical and durability properties of concrete when utilized in optimized proportion. For example, CS because of its dense glassy nature enhances compressive, tensile, and flexural strength at 30-40% replacement, butbeyond this, it can impair workability andmechanical performance. Porous materials such as CBA, which is optimal at 10-20% replacement, reduce density but provide sustainability advantages, although superplasticizers may be needed to overcome workability disadvantages. Research on biomass bottom ash (BBA) in concrete indicates replacement of sand and fillers by up to 30% and 60%, respectively. Though BBA reduces porosity and water absorption, it enhances durability in the long term, especially chemical resistance. In light weight concrete, 25% BBA with 50% foam content provides thermal stability with sustained strength. Modern techniques such as SEM and XRD establish denser microstructure and enhanced thermal resistance. The addition of cementitious materials such as GGBS or fly ash minimizes chloride permeability and increases resistance to moisture. Finite element analysis of beams replaced by 40-60% CS establishes increased crack control and ultimate load carrying capacity, affirming its structural performance. For durability purposes, it is advisable that CBA-based mixtures have a fineness modulus of greater than 1.35 and a water absorption level of less than 2%. Industrial by-product concrete exhibits higher resistance to chloride-induced corrosion and reduced water absorption over time, particularly in 25-50% bottom ash aggregate mixtures. Application of these materials significantly minimizes chloride penetration, hence extending their life in marine and industrial environments. Additionally, cellular concrete produced with BBA has been found to be an adequate replacement for normal clay bricks, offering lightweight and eco friendly construction materials. Generally, application of these byproducts in concrete manufacture presents a sustainable and economically acceptable method of contemporary construction, with enhanced mechanical characteristics, reduced environmental effects, and increased resistance in infrastructure construction. 3. Material used 3.1. Cement OPC 53 grade cement was utilized, and the experiments and observations are listed in Table 1

Table 1: Properties of OPC 53 Properties

Values

Cement grade used

53Grade

Specific gravity of cement

3.14 30%

Standard consistency of cement Initial setting time of cement Final setting time of cement Fineness modulus of cement

140Min 220Min

4%