PSI - Issue 55

Tahmineh Akbarinejad et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 55 (2024) 46–56 6 T Akbarinejad,* , E. Machlein, C. Bertolin, O.Ogutc, G. Lobaccaro, A. T.Salaj / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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The review reveals that the integration of solar technology in historical buildings presents multifaceted challenges and barriers that should be overcome for their successful implementation and there is lack of solution or a variety of approaches able to effectively address the various aspects simultaneously. In the second step, these articles are organized based on the conservation criteria including viability, feasibility, integration, reversibility, compatibility, reliability & safety, non-invasiveness, acceptability which considered challenges and economic, geographical, technical, conservation, legislation, and social barriers and sorted by time of the publication. A frequency in the last line of the chart reveals that between conservation criteria reversibility, compatibility and non-invasiveness are more mentioned (5 times each)References to challenges and barriers retrieved in literature.. In addition, among barriers, legislation is the most frequented cited, appearing 27 times, followed by social consideration, cited 20 times and technical limitations 15 times. These findings provide an overview of the predominant and pressing issues that need consideration for the successful implementation of solar technology in historical building and illustrated by red dash color Fig 4 step 2. In the step 3, Considering the findings from the review, while general challenges and barriers are discussed in a broader context, a more local analysis on case studies is necessary. In this paper, such analysis has been conducted on the area of Møllenberg, renowned for its historical richness and architectural values (Sandvik, 2006). Reviewing internal reports in Norway( Photovoltaic Systems at Møllenberg , n.d.; Solar | Helios | Norway , n.d.) prove that the challenges encountered in Møllenberg are the ones carried out from the literature review as well. • Non-Invasiveness: Trondheim's historical buildings require that any technological incorporation be non-invasive both structurally and visually. To enable non-invasive solar technology in historical buildings, various methods can be employed. Strategic placement of solar panels (Al-Ahmmadi Saer & Larisa, 2021) ( Photovoltaic Systems at Møllenberg , n.d.) with samples of solar tiles in the market to minimize the visual impact and preserving the aesthetic and historical values (Špaček et al., 2020) . Removable mounting systems preserve structural integrity (Kandt et al., 2011b). BIPV offer aesthetic compatibility (Polo López, Troia, et al., 2021; Rosa, 2020). Furthermore, consultation with heritage experts and regulatory approvals are essential (Kandt et al., 2011). • Compatibility: One of the main concerns of residents and municipality in Møllenberg is keeping the identity of this area as it is. Therefore, t he use of compatible solar technology in historical buildings like those in Møllenberg refers to the idea that solar installations should align well with the building's architectural style, materials, and historical value (Cabeza et al., 2018) . Customized designs, such as BIPVs, can mimic traditional materials to maintain aesthetic harmony (Li, 2021) in terms of architectural and technological compatibility (Fedorova et al., 2020). Strategic placement and color matching of BIPV further help in minimizing visual impact (Lee, 2021). Consultation with heritage conservation experts can help to maintain architectural integrity (Hmood, 2019). This consideration shows that collaboration between architects and conservation experts and BIPV advisors and community ensures the solar installations uphold the building's historical integrity. • Reversibility: In conservation, reversibility means that any changes or additions to a structure can be reverted, allowing them to be removed or altered in the future without permanently damaging the structure. In Møllenberg, the principle of reversibility in conservation can be upheld through the use of removable mounting systems, modular plug-and-play solar components, and temporary structures that are aesthetically aligned with the area's historic architecture as presented in (Shuldan & Al-Akhmmadi, 2021). Transparent PV panels which can be used in windows, roofs, or facades with a potential of changing could be a solution. Same as other challenges collaborative planning with heritage organizations ensures compliance with conservation guidelines, making reversibility achievable (Gigliarelli & Quattrone, 2014).

Fig 3 Part of the Møllenberg area (on the left), the application of the solar roof tiles (in the middle) and transparent PV (om the right).