PSI - Issue 38

Nitish Shetye et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 38 (2022) 538–545 Shetye et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

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Table 13. Life cycle energy - A30 Optimized.

Conventional Steel Energy [MJ]

HYBRIT Steel Energy [MJ]

Percentage Difference

Material Extraction Steel Production

14.7

14.7

0.00% 4.90% 0.00% 0.00% -4.86% 8.16%

407.8

387.8

Bogie Manufacturing

34.7

34.7

Use Phase End-of-Life

148.0 -225.9 379.3

148.0 -236.9 348.4

Total

4. Discussion and Conclusions There were three factors which determined the energy consumption of the life-cycle of a bogie beam which are depicted in Figure 5. The first factor was the bogie design which has an impact on all five phases of the life-cycle. The second one was the steel production process which impacted two out of the five life-cycle phases. The third factor was the drive-cycle which only impacted the use phase. Even though the bogie design impacted all the phases of its life cycle, the scope for improvement in the design is limited because the design has already been optimized by the manufacturer. HYBRIT Steel consumed 8-10% less energy than Conventional Steel which is worth noting. For applications with less dominant use phases, the percentage of energy saved by HYBRIT Steel would be even larger. In the future, this LCA methodology can be extended for other steel applications. The basic phases of the life cycle would remain the same and hence, it is relatively easy to apply this methodology to other steel applications. Figure 5. Overview of energy influencing factors.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge SSAB AB ( Swedish Steel Company ) for financial support. References Department of Economic United Nations and Social Affairs, 2020, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population prospects-2017.html. (2020/09/14). SSAB, HYBRIT, 2017, https://ssabwebsitecdn.azureedge.net//media/hybrit/files/hybrit_brochure.pdf?m=20180201085027 (2020/09/14). Jonsson B., Barsoum Z., Sperle J.-O., 2011, Weight optimization and fatigue design of a welded bogie beam structure in a construction equipment. Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol.19, p.63-76. Stemp J., 2012, Fatigue assessment of a hauler bogie beam using FE analysis, Master thesis, KTH Dept of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering. Siikavaara J., April 2020, Section Manager of process and technology development in Kiruna ore processing at LKAB, Personal conversation. Vogl, V., Åhman M., Nilsson L. J., 2018, Assessment of hydrogen direct reduction for fossil-free steelmaking. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.203, p.736-745. Neelis M., Galitsky C., Worrell Z. N. E, Price, L., 2007, World best practice energy intensity values for selected industrial sectors. Technical report. Bouchouireb H., 2019, Advancing the life cycle energy optimisation methodology, KTH Dept of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, PhD thesis, Stockholm, Sweden.