PSI - Issue 38

Nitish Shetye et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 38 (2022) 538–545 Shetye et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000 C R = Σ △ s i

543

6

C A = Σ a i △ s i C D = Σ v i 2 △ s i

(9)

(10)

(11) The use phase energy consumption for the both designs of the A30 bogie beam can be seen in Table 8. The energy required in the use phase is independent of the steel production process as seen in Table 9.

Table 8. Energy required for the use phase components.

Use phase resistances

A30 Original

A30 Optimized

76.0

50.1

W R [J] W A [J] W D [J] W T [J]

3421.4

2258.1

0.0

0.0

3497.4

2308.3

N []

64133 224.3

64133 148.0

E U [MJ]

Table 9. Use phase energy for the two bogie beams.

Energy [MJ]

A30 Original

A30 Optimized

224.3 224.3

148.0 148.0

Conventional Steel

HYBRIT Steel

3.5. End-of-Life phase The end-of-life phase is the last phase of the life-cycle loop. A correction factor is introduced if the recycled material can only partially replace the input material. For example, a correction factor of 0.8 would imply that the recycled material accounts for 80% of the input material and an additional 20% of virgin input material would be required. The end-of-life energy E EOL is given by: E EOL = E Pro + E Rec (12) where E Pro is the energy required for processing the recycled material and E Rec is the energy gained through recycling. The processing energy ( E Pro ) mainly included the energy required for melting energy and the steel production energy from scrap. Since the furnace charge consisted of 100% of scrap, the specific energy consumption for producing steel is about 80% lesser for both conventional andHYBRIT Steel (Vogl et al., 2018). The energy gained through recycling ( E Rec ) is given by: E Rec = − C f E SP (13) where C f is the correction factor and E SP is the energy required for steel production. Since steel is nearly fully recyclable a correction factor of 0.95 was chosen. Therefore, only 5% of virgin steel would be needed in each subsequent production phase. It was assumed that the furnace charge consisted of 100%scrap. The end-of-life energies for both conventional and HYBRIT Steel can be seen in Table 10. The energy required for the end-of-life phase for the bogie beam is given by Equation 14 and the actual energy for the end-of-life phase for the two designs of bogie beams can be seen in Table 11. E EOL = m beam E EOL tonne / 1000 (14)