PSI - Issue 24

Francesco Del Pero et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 906–925 F. Del Pero et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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lightweight during operation counterbalance definitely the increase of energy demand in materials/production stages, thus obtaining measures of ϕ PED comprised within 37.3 MJ/kg (EV_NO) and 128.1 MJ/kg (EV_PL).

Primary Energy Demand – Mass specific impact reduction  ( ϕ PED ) [MJ/kg]

Materials and Production

Use

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

1600

1400

1200

MJ

MJ

1000

10

12

14

16

18

20

10

12

14

16

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20

M [kg]

M [kg]

ϕ PED ICEV = 150.9 ϕ PED EV_EU28 = 139.4

ϕ PED EV_PL = 154.3 ϕ PED EV_NO = 63.6

ϕ PED = -26.2

Total impact

1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

MJ

10

12

14

16

18

20

M [kg]

ϕ PED ICEV = 124.6

ϕ PED EV_EU28 = 113.1

ϕ PED EV_PL = 128.1

ϕ PED EV_NO = 37.3

Figure 8. ϕ PED for LC stages and total impact The qualitative trend of ϕ cost is the same as ϕ PED , that is higher expenditure for aluminum in materials/production stages ( 3.9 €/kg) and cost saving during operation due to the lower consumption of lightweight solution (use stage cost saving comprised within 1.1 €/kg (EV_NO) and 4 .4 €/kg (ICEV). However, the use stage benefit offsets the cost increase in the materials/production stages just for the ICEV case study. Nevertheless, for all EV case studies the cost increase in materials/production is predominant. Therefore, ϕ cost is positive only for the ICE configuration (0.5 €/kg) while for electric powe r train cars the additional cost is around 2.5 € per kilogram saved.