PSI - Issue 24

Francesco Del Pero et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 906–925 F. Del Pero et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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Global Warming Potential – Mass specific impact reduction  ( ϕ GWP ) [kg CO 2 eq/kg]

Materials and Production

Use

100 150 200 250 300

100 110

50 60 70 80 90

kg CO 2 eq

kg CO 2 eq

0 50

10

12

14

16

18

20

10

12

14

16

18

20

M [kg]

M [kg]

ϕ GWP ICEV = 8.2

ϕ GWP EV_EU28 = 5.3

ϕ GWP EV_PL = 12.8

ϕ GWP EV_NO = 0.4

ϕ GWP = 3.1

Total GWP

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

kg CO 2 eq

10

12

14

16

18

20

M [Kg]

ϕ GWP ICEV = 11.3

ϕ GWP EV_EU28 = 8.4

ϕ GWP EV_PL = 15.9

ϕ GWP EV_NO = 3.5

Figure 7. ϕ GWP for LC stages and total impact Concerning PED, the slope of the line in the materials stage diagram is negative (-26.2 MJ/kg), that is the energy demand grows at mass decreasing. This effect is mainly due to the high energy demand of raw materials extraction and production processes of aluminium semi-finished products with respect to steel ones. On the other hand, lightweighting involves a strong benefit during operation since lower fuel/energy consumption translates into reduced impacts thanks to the lower amount of non-renewable energy resources needed by the fuel supply chain (hard coal, natural gas, crude oil and lignite being the most relevant ones). ϕ PED presents similar values for ICEV, EV_EU28 and EV_PL (around 140-150 MJ/kg) while for EV_NO the sustainability indicator is definitely lower (63.6 MJ/kg), but the difference is not so large as for the GWP. Indeed, use stage PED of EV_NO is the same order of magnitude as ICEV and EV case studies (see Figure 3), due to the significant contribution of renewable resources (especially hydropower which represents 88 % of total use stage). Looking at total impacts, the beneficial effects of