Issue 78

S. A. Mustafa et alii, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 78 (2026) 298-314; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.78.18

bond-slip failure, whereas longer embedment lengths promoted flexural cracking and localized concrete crushing, which are characteristic of well-anchored shear walls.  Anchorage length had a significant effect on stiffness degradation and cyclic response. Inadequate embedment led to rapid stiffness deterioration and reduced load retention, while longer embedment lengths improved hysteretic stability and sustained lateral resistance throughout the loading history.  Although all specimens exhibited comparable ultimate drift capacities ranging from approximately 2.4% to 2.8%, their deformation mechanisms differed considerably. The shorter-embedment specimens accommodated a substantial portion of the deformation through interface slip, whereas the specimen with 20Ø embedment achieved the most balanced combination of strength, ductility, hysteretic stability, and energy dissipation among the implanted walls.  Post-installed vertical reinforcement can be effectively used for anchoring newly added RC shear walls in seismic retrofitting applications, provided that adequate embedment length is ensured. Based on the results of this study, an embedment length of 20Ø provided the most favorable overall performance, achieving reliable force transfer and cyclic behavior closest to that of the control wall. [1] Basereh, S., Okumus, P., and Aaleti, S. (2020). Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls to Ensure Reparability. ASCE SEI Congress, St Louis, MO, pp. 498-509, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482896.046. [2] Bosco, M., and Rossi, P. P. (2022). Seismic assessment and retrofitting of reinforced concrete structures. Applied Sciences, 12(14), 7280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147280. [3] Shendkar, M. R., Tantri, A., and Rao, A. U. (2025). Seismic evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete structures using material strain limit and Quadrants assessment methods. Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience, 6(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43065-024-00114-y. [4] Konstandakopoulou, F., Tsimirika, M., Pnevmatikos, N., Hatzigeorgiou, G. D. (2020). Optimization of reinforced concrete retaining walls designed according to European Provisions, Infrastructures, 5, 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5060046 2. [5] Pnevmatikos, N.G. and Hatzigeorgiou, G.D. (2016), Damage detection of frame structures subjected to earthquake excitation using discrete wavelet analysis, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 15(1), pp. 227-248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9962-z. [6] Yalciner, H., Eren, O., and Sensoy, S. (2012). An experimental study on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete cover, strength and corrosion level. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(5), pp. 643–655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.003. [7] Bashir, M. T., Ansar, M., Muhammad, S., Farid, F., and Abbas, M. I. (2019). Pull-out behavior of conventional steel reinforcement in normal and high-strength concrete. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science, 3(4), pp. 18–25. [8] Shen, D., Shi X., Zhang H., Duan X., and Jiang G. (2016). Experimental study of early-age bond behavior between high strength concrete and steel bars using a pull-out test. Construction and Building Materials, 113, pp. 653–663. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.094. [9] Gambarova, P. G., and Rosati, G. P. (1996). Bond and splitting in reinforced concrete: Test results on bar pull-out. Materials and Structures, 29, pp. 267–276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486361. [10] Gkournelos, P. D., Triantafillou, T. C., and Bournas, D. A. (2021). Seismic upgrading of existing reinforced concrete buildings: A state-of-the-art. Engineering Structures, 240, 112273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112273. [11] Basereh, S., Okumus, P., and Aaleti, S. (2020). Seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete shear walls to ensure reparability. Proceedings of the Structures Congress, ASCE, pp. 498–509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482896.0. [12] Bouazaoui, L., and Li, A. (2008). Analysis of steel/concrete interfacial shear stress by means of pull-out test. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 28(2), pp. 101–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2007.02.006. R EFERENCES

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