PSI - Issue 83

Samia M. Mohamed et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 72–78

75

Table 1 Self-sensing properties of cementitious and asphalt composites

Electric al conduct ivity (S/cm) 2.49×10 4 2.99×10 8 3.66×10 8

Sensing sensitivity

Raw materials

Conductive fillers

Electrical resistivity (Ω· cm)

Remarks

Reference

SS (%/M Pa)

Solid

Liquid

Type

Content

FCR (%)

GF

24 (RT) 33 (300°C) 16 (600°C)

↑ temperature → ↑ Capacitance response (up to ~80%).

3.79 2.62 1.51

4.02×10 3 3.34×10 7 2.73×10 7

—

Y. Guo et al., (2025)

Na 2 SiO 3 + water

GGBS

NCB 0.5 wt%

100– 182% (monotoni c); 110– 200% (cyclic) Cyclic: up to 45%; destructiv e compressi on: 56%.

Without NCP:

Concret e+ POM fiber

122 at NCP= 1.0 kg/m³

0.5, 1.0, 1.5 Kg/m³

POM fibers improve post crack behavior.

W. Guo et al., (2025 )

Water+ SP

—

—

6–11 ×10 5 with NCP: 2–6 ×10 4

NCP

Dalalbashi et al., (2025)

—

— —

311 339

—

Lime ± SF

5.2×10 6 7.8×10 6

water

CMF 0.1 wt%

497.4 (monoto nic); > 300 (dynami c).

Higher W/B within UHPC improved sensitivity.

—

L. Yang et al., (2025)

OPC+S F+ sand

Water + SP

Steel fiber

0.1 vol% SF

8.33×10 3

1.2×10 6

Ni coated carbon fibers

GGBS+ FA+ sand

NaOH+ Na 2 SiO 3 + water

Fiber alignment → ↑ sensitivity.

Ma et al., (2025)

—

1.02×10 2

26.1

394.05

0.1 vol % 97.97

X. Wang et al., (2023)

Electrode parallel → ↑ sensitivity vs perpendicular. 0.3% CF is more stable under fatigue.

Water + SP

2–10 wt%

0.75– 7.25

150– 1250

OPC

Graphite

—

—

—

Aggreg ates+ CaCO 3 filler OPC + LC 3 binder

Carbon fiber (CF) Recycle d MWCN T

5.9×10⁻⁶ → 1.5×10⁻²

≈120 (fatigue, 400 N)

Cubilla et al., (2025)

Asphalt binder

0.3 wt% 0.6 wt%

1.7×10 5 → 6.5×10 1

—

—

Abedi et al., (2025)

0.1–1.7 vol%

Water + SP

Interlayer bond strength ↑ 52%.

10 2 –10 3

10 -3 –10 -2

—

—

180

2128 973 (comp.)

FAC microstructure enables self sensing; lightweight ( ρ ↓ ) Adding 0.4% CF to 40% RM: ρ ↓ 93%, GF ↑ to 649.9. Hybrid CB + CNF → ↑ linearity (FCR vs stress/strain)

OPC+ FAC+ PE fiber

Ran et al., (2023)

Water +SP

—

—

—

—

—

—

2720 1343 (ten.)

3369.6 (RM);

Zhao and Qiang, (2025)

OPC+ RM

—

—

—

649.9

Water

CF

0.4wt%

230.1 (40% RM + 0.4% CF).

~14% for 0.5% CB and 0.5% CB + 0.2% CNF

CB 0.5– 2.0 wt%; CNF 0.2 wt%

Li et al., (2025)

OPC+S F

Water+ SP

CB+CN F

—

—

—

—

~211 (plain) ~108at 2.0% micro steel fiber

More fiber → resistivity ↓, strength ↑

FA+GG BS+ steel fiber

NaOH+ Na 2 SiO 3

51.33– 155.26

Lu et al., (2025)

Steel fiber

0.5-2.0 vol%

—

4.4–8.1

—

Khan et al., (2024)

CAC+ SF

Water+ SP

0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8

44 (RT) 49

3.1 3.5

NCB

—

—

—

Optimal at NCB 3.