PSI - Issue 78

Antonio Sandoli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1302–1309

1303

1. Introduction The risk assessment of the built environment necessitates the quantification of three different components: hazard, vulnerability and exposure. These components need to be evaluated with a multiscale approach, i.e. from the single building to the territorial scale (e.g., regional or sub-regional) with a view to providing a micro-to-macro scale evaluation (Dolce et al. 2021, Sandoli et al. 2024). However, very often the data required to carry out such analyses are missing. In fact, for example, detailed structural surveys for vulnerability assessment are available at local scales only, while regional analyses can only rely on aggregated or proxy data. Recently, a wide amount of open data resources was made available to support multi-risk assessments at different scales, such as national building inventories, seismic hazard maps, observed damage databases. The above mentioned databases allow a multi-level approach, and multi-risk analyses through fragility functions, simplified charts or finite element method (Fabozzi et al., 2020; Fierro et al., 2020; Sandoli et al., 2023a; 2023b). However, these data, even if extremely valuable, are distributed as single databases and architectures, with a low level of homogeneity not allowing joint data analysis. This aspect dramatically reduces interoperability and limits their usability in probabilistic risk analysis. In fact, a high versatility of the data allows finding hidden correlation, but this can be only done starting from interoperable databases. For this reason, in this paper, after the description and critical analysis of the architectures of the available open source databases, a preliminary workflow is proposed as a step toward the development of an interoperable, unified and harmonized database, with an application to a coastal city located in the Molise Region (Italy), named Termoli, in Campobasso province. 2. Analyzed databases Several open-access databases were analyzed to collect relevant data for supporting multi-scale probabilistic risk assessments of the built environment. The Italian Department of Civil Protection makes available the National Dataset of Structural Aggregates (https://rischi.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/approfondimento/dataset-nazionale-degli-aggregati-strutturali-italiani/), where the structural aggregates (i.e., groups of buildings) are identified and numbered, essentially for Civil Protection issues, such as the response to emergencies. The dataset provides an open-source platform freely accessible on a GitHub repository (https://github.com/pcm-dpc/) and subdivides information on macro-areas. The main goal of the dataset is to share buildings data for an easier emergency response and to compile a wide database following standardized procedures and protocols. At the end of 2021, there was the 15 th ISTAT (National Institute of Statistics) survey of the buildings on the Italian territory, where the collected data are available at http://dati-censimentopopolazione.istat.it/ with various information regarding the structural typologies distributed over the territory. On the other hand, the Italian Ministry of Education and Research, in 2015, created the Unique Portal of the data of the school (https://www.istruzione.it/edilizia_scolastica/), where, among the others, the data referred to the school buildings are available. The Portal is subdivided into two parts: a general one that provides information for control and management, and the regional nodes, where the information on buildings are contained. Along the same lines, from the Ministry of Health website, the open data on the health assistance structures are freely accessible (https://www.salute.gov.it/), and different types of structures can be distinguished, such as those for rehabilitation, and assistance. The latest updates are referred to March 2024. Other precious information can be extracted from the National Archive of Public Works (AINOP), which collects data of public works within the National boundaries and monitors their efficiency. It was compiled by the Ministery of Infrastructures and through this platform the design ongoing can be verified. The infrastructures are subdivided into bridges, road and railway viaducts, roads, railways, airports, dams, tunnels, ports and public buildings. Italy is a country with a very high seismic risk. For this reason, different databases are available to monitor risk components: hazard, vulnerability and exposure. For example, the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC), among the “ReLUIS” 2014-2016 project, built the national inventory of structural typologies aimed at developing regional vulnerability models based on local fragility curves linked to representative building classes, categorized according to macrosesmic scales. In this framework, the CARTIS database was implemented, starting from the compilation of