PSI - Issue 78

Giovanni Smiroldo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1585–1592

1587

(a)

(b) Fig. 1. Distinct rupture propagation models from different realizations of the rupture process, each depicting a unique seismic source evolution. Crosses mark sub-sources, the red dot indicates the nucleation point, and white lines represent rupture isochrones. For the wave propagation simulation and seismogram calculation, under the assumption of a laterally homogeneous medium, the Discrete Wavenumber (DWN) method is used. The Earth structure is modelled as a half-space of parallel, inelastic (damped viscoelastic) layers. DWN allows for full-wavefield computation, including all body waves and near-field effects, hence it is used for accurate seismic input modelling (Fasan, 2017; Magrin, 2012; Panza et al., 2012; Pavlov, 2009; Vaccari, 2016). The simulation model was successfully tested against historical and instrumental past seismic events (Chieffo et al., 2021; Fasan et al., 2016; Hassan et al., 2020; Smiroldo et al., 2025). 3. PBS Database Seismic ground motions are controlled by a combination of factors, which include the nature of the seismic source (source effects), site conditions (site effects), and geologic path along which seismic waves propagate (path effects). In this study, in order to give a realistic ground motion that is representative of a broad spectrum of possible future earthquakes, a number of combinations of these factors has been taken into account systematically. The simulation process, in particular, considered the variation of seven important parameters, see Table 1.