Issue 77

Y. C. Arun et alii, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 77 (2026) 316-339; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.77.19

indentation. In summary, homogeneous dispersion and improved tribological performance are ensured by optimal CNF loading; in line with earlier research, C2 (0.8 wt%) shows the best wear resistance and lowest CoF.

SNR For Wear loss

Load (N)

SV (m/s)

AD (m)

SiC Paper (μ m)

Wear loss (g)

S/N R for CoF

Run

Filler (wt%)

CoF

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 5 5

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5

25 50 75 50 25 75 75 50 25 75 50 25 25 75 50 50 25 75 50 75 25 75 50 25 25 75 50

36 53 78 78 36 53 53 36 78 78 53 36 53 78 36 36 78 53 78 53 36 36 78 53 78 36 53

0

0.0063 0.0106 0.0436 0.0184 0.0127 0.0309 0.0119 0.0178 0.0353 0.0111 0.0152 0.0182 0.0106 0.0349 0.0226 0.0085 0.0361 0.0412 0.0091 0.0154 0.0122 0.0083 0.0601 0.0249 0.0252 0.0152 0.0362

44.0132 37.6523 27.2103 34.7510 37.9239 30.1448 38.4891 34.9916 29.0445 39.0935 36.6231 34.7986 39.4939 29.1435 32.9178 41.4116 28.8499 27.7021 40.6303 36.2496 38.2728 41.6184 24.4225 32.1110 31.9720 36.3631 28.8258

0.338 0.332 0.328 0.316 0.321 0.324 0.299 0.307 0.301 0.318 0.307 0.305 0.341 0.324 0.361 0.262 0.281 0.271 0.327 0.347 0.334 0.328 0.322 0.333 0.283 0.273 0.295

9.4217 9.9039 9.6825 9.9515 9.8699 9.8429 10.4866 10.2572 10.4287 9.9515 10.0118 10.3140 9.3449 9.7891 8.8499 11.6340 11.0259 11.3406 9.6825 9.1934 9.5251 9.6825 9.8429 9.6034 10.9643 11.2767 10.6036

0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8

10 10 10 15 15 15

0

0.8

0

0.4

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

5 5 5

0

0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8

10 10 10 15 15 15

0

0.8

0

0.4 0.8

5 5 5

0

0.4 0.4 0.8

10 10 10 15 15 15

0

0.4 0.8

0

Table 7: Wear loss, CoF and SNR of GF/PPS/CNF hybrid nanocomposites.

Main effect plots for wear loss The primary impacts of load, abrading distance (AD), sliding velocity (SV), filler content, and SiC paper particle size on wear loss are shown in Fig. 7. Higher contact stress and frictional heating speed up material removal, as seen by a growing trend in wear loss with increasing load and sliding velocity. Similarly, extended exposure to abrasive interaction causes wear loss to modestly increase with abrading distance. Archard's wear law, hardness, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) can all be succinctly correlated with the observed tribological behavior. The improvement in the composite's hardness and ILSS is closely linked to the decrease in wear loss under optimal CNF loading (0.8 wt%). Higher hardness limits the penetration of abrasive SiC particles by improving the material's resistance to plastic deformation and microcutting. Higher ILSS also indicates better fiber–matrix interfacial bonding, which inhibits surface delamination and fiber pull-out during abrasion. This reduces material loss by creating a more stable surface and encouraging the development of a protective tribo-film. In line with Archard's law, wear volume is inversely related to hardness but directly correlated with load and sliding distance. Therefore, the observed decrease in wear loss can be directly explained by the increase in hardness with the addition of CNF. Furthermore, by reducing debris production and crack propagation, stronger interfacial adhesion successfully reduces the wear coefficient. This framework is further supported by the impact of SiC particle size and SV: finer abrasives improve real contact area and cutting efficiency, increasing wear despite material strengthening, while greater SV increases interaction frequency, intensifying material removal. While abrasive size and SV continue to be the primary external governing factors, the

325