PSI - Issue 77

Ercan Işik et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 465 – 474 Ercan Işik et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000 – 000

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4. Conclusions The increase in the spacing of transverse reinforcement and the decrease in the diameter of transverse reinforcement have led to a rise in the number of columns and beams exceeding the limit values of shear forces. In this study, detailed structural analyses have been conducted, taking into account variables that could negatively affect the functionality and shear force capacities of transverse reinforcements in columns and beams. The Kahramanmaraş earthquakes have once again highlighted the importance of proper design and construction principles for earthquake-resistant structures concerning transverse reinforcements. Therefore, standards and regulations related to structures must be meticulously applied, especially during the construction phase. Some remarkable results are: • Reducing transverse reinforcement spacing from 300 mm to 200 mm increases shear capacity by up to 22%. • Increasing diameter from Φ8 to Φ12 enhances capacity by 15 – 18%. • Using 135° hook anchorage significantly reduces longitudinal reinforcement buckling. • Low-strength concrete compounds reinforcement deficiencies, reducing capacity by up to 40%. As a result of field observations and structural analyses, the parameters affecting the expected functions of transverse reinforcements are as follows: • Transverse reinforcement diameter • Transverse reinforcement spacing • Use of different types of reinforcements together • Preference for plain reinforcements • Low-strength concrete • Corrosion • Not using stirrups in columns • Bending angle of transverse reinforcements • Poor reinforcement workmanship • Insufficient concrete cover thickness • Inadequate anchorage between transverse and longitudinal reinforcements. Acknowledgements The results presented in this scientific paper have been partially obtained through the research activities within the project 2023-1-HR01-KA220HED-000165929 Intelligent Methods for Structures, Elements, and Materials (https://im4stem.eu/en/home/ accessed on June 4, 2024), co-funded by the European Union under the program Erasmus+ KA220-HED-Cooperation partnerships in higher education. References Bayraktar, A., Altunisik, A. C., Türker, T., Karadeniz, H., Erdogdu, S., Angin, Z., & Özsahin, T. S. (2015). Structural performance evaluation of 90 RC buildings collapsed during the 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29(6), 04014177. Caglar, N., Vural, I., Kirtel, O., Saribiyik, A., & Sumer, Y. (2023). Structural damages observed in buildings after the Janu ary 24, 2020 Elazığ Sivrice earthquake in Türkiye. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01886. Çelebi, E., Aktas, M., Çağlar, N., Özocak, A., Kutanis, M., Mert, N., & Özcan, Z. (2013). October 23, 2011 Turkey/Van – Ercis earthquake: structural damages in the residential buildings. Natural Hazards, 65, 2287-2310. Doǧangün, A. 2004. Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003, Bingöl Earthq uake in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 26(6), 841-856. Ilki, A., & Celep, Z. (2012). Earthquakes, existing buildings and seismic design codes in Turkey. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 37, 365-380. Akar F, Işık E, Avcil F, Büyüksaraç A, Arkan E, İzol R. (2024). Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman). Applied Sciences. 14(5):2165