PSI - Issue 77
Ercan Işik et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 465 – 474
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Ercan Işik et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000 – 000
earthquake regulations recommend that transverse reinforcements be anchored to longitudinal reinforcements at an angle of 135º.
Table 4. Comparison of demand and limit shear forces for different transverse reinforcement conditions.
Model VI
Model VII
Model VIII
Model IX
Model X
Story
Column
Demand
Limit
Demand
Limit 79.16 89.26 89.23 79.14 98.03
Demand
Limit
Demand
Limit 67,68 79,71 79,66 67,66 98,31
Demand
Limit
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
86.55 94.24 94.21 86.53 98.32
85.56 95.27 95.23 85.54
108.18 109.89 109.88 108.18 109.39 108.98 109.01 109.37 109.61 112.15 112.15 109.61
104.26 104.18
No Exceed
98.32
98.00
98,32
102.35 100.79 100,89 102.34 100.42 112.00 111.99 100.43
No Exceed
S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16
No exceed
No exceed
No exceed
118.06
117.88
No Exceed
S1 S5 S9
No exceed
S13
This is particularly crucial during an earthquake, as it ensures that the transverse reinforcements provide sufficient anchorage to the longitudinal reinforcements, allowing them to perform their intended functions effectively. However, field observations have revealed that many damaged columns had bends at 90º. In Model IX, which was created for this purpose, limit shear forces were exceeded in 16 columns. The number of columns exceeding the limit state for all structural models is given in Table 5.
Table 5. Number of columns exceeding the shear force limit. Model
Total number of columns
Number of exceeding columns
%
Model I Model II Model III Model IV Model V Model VI Model VII Model VIII Model IX
96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
0
0
16 19 20 20
17 20 21 21
0 7 0
0 7 0
16
17
Model X
0
0
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