PSI - Issue 71

Deepu Kumar Singh et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 71 (2025) 164–171

165

al., 2012) conducted a study that classified the hyperelastic model in two categories: micromechanical and phenomenological. Moreover, the tangent operator is used to describe the behaviour of macromolecules within a three dimensional cross-linked rubber network. A ballistic body or a projectile is subjected to high force, these forces are generated by air compressors and launched by gas gun setups (Andraskar et al., 2024; Hamm and Smetacek, 2007). The forthcoming projectile might be fully penetrated, partially penetrated, ricochet, lodged inside the target plate and give some effects and damage (Bikakis et al., 2017). In the literature (Rajole et al., 2020) studied for ballistic response of jute, epoxy, and rubber composite against the blunt projectile for different thicknesses. (Hu et al., 2022) investigated the ballistic performance of UHMWPE sheet, by numerical approach fibre fracture, delamination, and bulging deformation showing good results compared to the experimental results. Further, (Sangamesh et al., 2018) discovered the natural rubber sandwich composite ballistic results by numerical method for different thickness sheets under high velocity range. (Zhu et al., 2022) used a kevlar fibre-based composite sheet for ant-penetration performance under high velocity impact by experimental, analytical, and numerical methods. The present study aims to validate the existing numerical results of natural rubber with Mooney-Rivlin damage models and prepare a unique set of material parameter values 2. Numerical simulation In this section, a FEM model has been developed to define the ballistic response of the natural rubber sheet against the conical shape projectile. This section also illustrated the geometrical condition of the rubber sheet and projectile. 2.1 Geometrical modelling for projectile and rubber sheet. A 2D axisymmetric hexahedral finite element model was established for the conical nose projectile and a rubber sheet target. For the FEM simulations, LS-DYNA/ANSYS software was used. The conical nose steel projectile has a diameter of 7.62 mm and a mass of 5 gm and the total number of elements used in the projectile was 19296. The rubber target sheet has dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm. and three different thicknesses of 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm were used for the simulation and the total number of elements was 54000, 108000, and 162000 reported respectively. Fine mesh elements (1 mm × 1mm) were used in the impact area, while gradually increasing coarse mesh elements were used in the areas away from the impact zone. For the numerical simulation, a solid section was used for both the target sheet and projectile configuration, which is shown in Fig. 1. The rubber sheet was modelled in the X-Y plane and a bullet was impacted along the Z-axis direction towards the sheet.