PSI - Issue 68

Hande Vural et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 68 (2025) 573–580 / Procedia Structural Integrity 00 (2024) 000–000 Vural et al.

579 7

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Exp. trend for Q235 JC Ayada-m OH Brozzo

MC Ayada Ko-Huh RT

Exp. trend for Q235 JC Ayada-m OH Brozzo

MC Ayada Ko-Huh RT

%

%

0 5

0 5

T1-3

T2-2

T3-1

T2-2

T3-1

T1-3

T2-6-2

T2-6-2

T1-1-1-1

T1-1-1-1

(a) 7.62 API projectile

(b) Hemispherical projectile

Fig. 5: Comparison of relative ballistic limit velocity di ff erences predicted by various damage criteria for di ff erent target configurations of Armox 500T, with respect to the T4 configuration, using trend data from Deng et al. (2012, 2013).

Brozzo model rapidly diminishes the velocity of the projectile. While the change in the deceleration levels during the transition between the plates is observed for the hemispherical projectile, this situation is not noticed for 7.62 API.

5000

10000

JC Ayada-m Brozzo RT

JC Ayada-m Brozzo RT

4000

8000

OH MC Ayada KH

OH MC Ayada KH

3000

6000

2000

4000

1000

2000

Deceleration (m/s/ms)

0

0

Deceleration of Projectile (m/s/ms)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

Time (ms)

Time (ms)

(a) 7.62 API projectile at 300 m / s initial velocity.

(b) Hemispherical projectile at 360 m / s initial velocity.

Fig. 6: Deceleration curves of projectiles using di ff erent damage criteria with the T3-1 configuration.

5. Conclusion The numerical simulations carried out included a comprehensive comparison of ten di ff erent damage models ap plied to 7.62 API, hemispherical and blunt projectiles and six di ff erent target configurations. The findings show that the OH model provides the closest predictions for the 7.62 API projectile, outperforming commonly used models such as JC. The MC model shows the best results for hemispherical projectiles, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate damage criterion based on the projectile nose shape. The results also show increased ballistic resistance of multi-layered targets against hemispherical and blunt projectiles. The analysis of the deceleration behavior reveals clear di ff erences in how the damage models influence velocity reduction during impact. Overall, the study suggests that while commonly used damage models such as JC, MMC and CL are e ff ective, other single-parameter models such as OH, MC and KH can provide better accuracy in certain scenarios and support their wider application in bal listic impact studies. Future studies, it is planned to investigate the e ff ect of friction between the plates and to expand the ballistic impact results by applying the damage criteria to di ff erent materials, material combinations and material types (e.g. composites).