PSI - Issue 59

O. Fomin et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 59 (2024) 523–530

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O. Fomin et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000 – 000

The mesh consists of 482743 elements and 148784 nodes. The maximum mesh element size is 70 mm, while the minimum is 13 mm. The maximum aspect ratio of the elements is 546.3%, with 23 % of the elements having an aspect ratio of less than three and 26,2 % having an aspect ratio greater than ten. Let's perform strength calculations for the open-wagon body in the empty state under repair loads (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. (a) Fragment of the stress state; (b) fragment of the deformation of the semi-wagon body.

Based on the conducted calculations, it can be concluded that the maximum equivalent stresses in the supporting structure of the open-wagon body reach approximately 27 MPa in the empty state, while the maximum deformations are 1,97x10 -4 , which do not exceed permissible values. Use of composite materials abroad and their repair in wagon/car construction. One of the primary benefits of composite materials lies in their capability to tailor the structural elements with predetermined properties that closely align with the specific requirements and environmental conditions. The extensive range of available fibers, matrix materials, and diverse reinforcement schemes employed in composite fabrication enables precise adjustments to be made to attributes such as strength, stiffness, operational temperature thresholds, and other key properties. This customization is achieved through the careful selection of composition, component ratios, and the overall macrostructure of the composite. For US railways, the following parts and assemblies are mainly made from composite materials: friction bars, heel pads, floor elements, where long service life and wear resistance are required. The traditional supplier of this type of product is Zeftek, but recently new ones are entering the market, such as Holland (friction bars and insulating sleeves), Brenco (bearing separators, friction rings) and TransTech Products (windshield). It is necessary to introduce composite materials on the railway, primarily to improve safety and reduce weight. There is a growing demand for highly filled composite materials featuring elevated concentrations of metals and ceramics. In the case of halogen paste-like composites, a meticulous process of finely grinding titanium, specialized steels, and aluminum is imperative. The interaction between polymers and particles of crushed metals is characterized by the envelopment of these particles with polymers, resulting in the formation of intricate polymer chains that ensure robust adhesion in composites. The application of paste-like composites to metals, plastics, and ceramic products, owing to their adhesive properties, offers a versatile solution for damage sealing, worn metal buildup, as well as the mitigation of corrosion and erosion defects. Consider composites in the automotive industry, especially when it comes to the so-called springless mass. Excess weight of suspension components is avoided for two reasons: the benefit of a few grams may seem small, but in mass production, reducing the weight of the car (wagon) structure is a big saving. The era of cast iron is steadily giving way to aluminum as the new standard in automotive manufacturing. Furthermore, there is a growing shift towards the adoption of plastics and composites, with the latter increasingly making its mark on the rear axle in the form of advanced leaf springs in the new generation of vehicles. These evolving technical trends collectively contribute to a significant reduction in car weight, a factor of paramount importance in the contemporary automotive landscape. In the present day, composite materials play a pivotal role in the construction of a broad spectrum of equipment, spanning from cars and ships to airplanes and wind power plants. Typically, damaged composite structures are