PSI - Issue 48

Cakram Yudhifa Ganda Satriawan et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 48 (2023) 50–57 Satriawan et.al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000

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1. Introduction Steel material group is widely used in modern engineering structures. Structural steel is an essential material for construction engineering. Designs are in the built environment, such as buildings, bridges, tunnels, and transmissions line. Beam is a group of structural materials that can withstand a load or bending loads. The ability of each beam was affected by several factors, such as profile or cross-sectional shape, length of material, and material type (Moideen and Dewangan, 2016; Smaradhana et al., 2021). The steel used in construction engineering is available in sizes and shapes. The wide flange is the most widely used cross-sectional of the beam. Most structural steels have higher moments of inertia and can support a heavier load with permission deformation limits (Preetha et al., 2021). It is necessary to accurately characterize material behaviour for engineering and design applications because it’s a challenging and complex science solution. In the last few decades, numerical analysis for the design of members has become increasingly popular because it has limited time consumption and reduced expensive laboratory tests by the researcher. Finite element analysis (FEA) is one of the most widely used methods in recent years (Koken, 2021). The finite element method can be done by linear and non-linear analysis. However, in linear analysis, the level of safety material cannot be accurately determined because it does not account for material and geometry non-linearity before failure. In comparison, non-linear analysis can predict the structural system’s ultimate strength and display several data after processing the research (Sreenath et al., 2011; Caesar et al., 2020). This study aims to analyze the plastic deformation of structural steel with non-linear computational analysis by material type and mesh size element. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed using ANSYS. 2. Literature Review A non-linear analysis was carried out to determine the structural steel beam’s behaviour. In non-linearity analysis, the structure will not return to its original shape after removing the load. If systems experience more significant deformations, it will change the material’s geometric configuration and cause the structure to react non-linearity (Moideen and Dewangan, 2016; Prabowo et al., 2019). Finite element analysis (FEA) formulation is undoubtedly needed to understand the behaviour stress-strain formulation in structural elements using algorithms based on numerical methods (Preetha et al., 2021). ANSYS uses a finite element method that can be used for modelling and analysis in engineering studies. Problems in complex geometry that are very difficult to calculate can be analyzed separately into small pieces (Koken, 2021; Do et al., 2022; Pratama et al., 2023). The strength of beams is determined by non-linear analysis, including geometric non-linearity and material non-linearity. Geometrical non linearity occurred with large displacement caused by loads that led to the load-displacement response of the model, whereas material non-linearity was the model the loss of stiffness due to plastic strains or showed a non-linear un axial stress-strain function. The more significant strain will affect the behaviour of the structure element. The flowchart for the non-linear analysis structure element can be seen in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Flow chart non-linearity analysis (Kim, 2015).

Under finite element analysis, the shape of the material can be deformed. It is necessary to transform the engineering stress-strain curve into the actual turn. Without the transformation process, it can be caused miscalculations not only in ultimate strength but also in a whole plastic region of the curve (Petrík and Aroch, 2019). Preetha et al. (2021) analyzed the behaviour of steel beams subjected to loading under computational non-linearity. Finite element formulations of steel beams can be used to predict finite element simulation studies to develop an elastoplastic material model used in the calculation as a parameter performed in ANSYS. Bergan et al. (1978) reviewed various solution methods for linear structural problems, especially algorithms for structural instabilities.