PSI - Issue 47

6

Amani J. Majeed / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 919–931 Amani J. Majeed / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

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The solar energy absorbed by the absorber can be given at below(Duffie & Beckman, 1980; Patnode, 2006) : ��� ��∗� ∗� ∗� �� ∗ ��� cos � � ��� ��∗� ∗� ∗� �� ∗ ��� cos � � The heat generation phenomenon for the absorption of solar in the glass-envelope is a feature of the glass thickness However, since the coefficient of a solar absorptance for the glass is small, 0.02, and the glass envelope is relatively thin, this assumption causes minimal error (Duffie & Beckman, 1980; Patnode, 2006): ��� ��∗� ∗� �� ∗ ��� cos � � ��� ��∗� ∗� �� ∗ ��� cos � � 3.3. Steam from Solar Powered Generator In order to further convert 100 gallons of cold water into steam at 450 degrees, a method is employed to calculate how much heat is required, when the pressure is 414.7 psi. Steam will not increase in temperature as heat is added to water boiling in a pipe until all the water has been converted to steam. Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert water from its boiling temperature into steam. At atmospheric pressure, this value is 970 BTU/lb. It is imperative to know the energy required to produce steam at 450°F and 414.7 psia. In this case, an 80% steam quality is produced by using a superheated steam table with a safety factor of 1.2. To calculate the total amount of heat necessary to convert water to superheated steam at 450 degrees F, it is assumed that a small-scale solar powered generator is in operation. Moreover, 100 gallons of water are assumed to enter the system each day. 4. Results and Discussions 4.1. Solar result The amount of solar radiation in Dhofar, Oman is the system's primary design factor unless proper precautions are taken by a proper design, wind speed, ambient temperature, and other factors can have an effect on the device.

Figure 3: The average max and min ambient temperature 2017