PSI - Issue 64

Lucas Martins Barreto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 1168–1175 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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4. Applications of Digital Twins in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) To explore the application of Digital Twins in monitoring the structural health of reinforced or prestressed concrete bridges, we examine their use in monitoring information related to key pathological manifestations in these structures. A review of relevant literature on Digital Twins was conducted to understanding their application in bridge structural health monitoring, specifically regarding:

• Overload (Displacement/Distortion/Leveling) • Thermal Variations • Climate Analysis (Rain and Wind) • Monitoring of Cracks, Degradation, and Apparent Corrosion • Corrosion Analysis • Graphical User Interface

Digital Twins allow us to analyze the impact of loads on structures using sensors and software. Sofia, Anas, Faiz (2020) used deformation, vibration, and inclination sensors, analyzing data with Cyclone 3DR software from Leica Geosystems. Kaewunruen et al. (2021) created a digital model of a bridge and simulated load effects using CSI-Bridge 2015 software, observing bridge deformation. Dong et al. (2021) monitored temperatures of bridge support devices in their Digital Twin. Sensors quantified and recorded temperatures, enabling real-time monitoring to prevent malfunctions and suggest maintenance or replacement. Kaewunruen et al. (2021) used historical rainfall data to simulate future precipitation events and considered combined loads in their analyses. They also simulated horizontal wind loads, predicting bridge behavior in critical scenarios using historical data. They utilized a concrete sensor for data on corrosion, integrating it with SCC-Mats software compatible with BIM for monitoring apparent pathologies. Mohammadi et al. (2021) surveyed a Point Cloud-based Digital Twin of McKanes Falls bridge in Lithgow, Australia. They used a drone with a digital camera and Bentley Systems' iTwin Capture Modeler software to create a 3D point cloud model for monitoring. Steel components in reinforced and prestressed concrete are prone to oxidation, impacting the structures' performance. Shim et al. (2019) monitored prestressing cable corrosion in their Digital Twin, using sensors to measure the degraded area and monitor cable resistance, Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Example for the schematic information system for a prestressed concrete bridge (SHIM et al. 2019).

Digital Twins offer detailed visualization of real models in the virtual world, showcasing aspects like geometry, deformations, pathologies, and vehicle flow. Sofia, Anas, Faiz (2020) created a digital model of the Mohamed VI cable-stayed bridge, using Bridge Modeler on Civil 3D software with Cloudworx Pro Plugin, integrating data from Leica Pegasus sensor to BIM.