PSI - Issue 70

R. Mohanraj et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 409–416

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The experimental data were analyzed to compare the durability performance of the control and optimized mixes. The results demonstrated that the improved concrete mixture with 9% RFA and 9% SS exhibited superior resistance to acid attack and salt encrustation compared with the control mixture. This study validates the potential of using RFA and SS in concrete as a sustainable alternative to traditional aggregates, enhancing the durability and performance of concrete structures.

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(b) Fig. 1. SEM images (a) conventional concrete (b) improvised concrete

4. Results and Discussion All Durability in a technical sense refers to the ability of a structure or material to resist or withstand the deteriorating effects caused by external forces acting on it. To evaluate the durability of the improved concrete