PSI - Issue 37

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ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 37 (2022) 33–40 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000

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© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of Pedro Miguel Guimaraes Pires Moreira Abstract This paper presents a case study of in situ monitoring during wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process by using digital image correlation (DIC). A feasibility study is carried out aiming at proposing a suitable experimental set-up for in situ measurements during a WAAM process. In this work a stainless steel AISI316L was used to manufacture parallelepiped with nom inal dimensions of 130 × 25 mm. The issues related to high-intensity electromagnetic radiation and melted metal projections with regard to image acquisition were addressed. The in situ evolution of the strain field generated in the part during the manufacturing process are shown and discussed. The results show that the horizontal strain component ( ε xx ) presents higher values than the verti cal strain component ( ε yy ). The spatial and temporal strain evolution were then analysed at given locations. Strain gradient patterns were clearly observed near the layers underlying material deposition during the process. These results shown the feasibility of using in situ DIC monitoring during the WAAM process. 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. T i is an open access article under the CC BY- C-ND license (http: // cr ativec mmons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) P r re ie unde responsibility of Pedro Miguel Guimaraes Pires Moreira. Keywords: Digital image correlation; In situ; Additive Manufacturing; WAAM. ICSI 2021 The 4th International Conference on Structural Integrity In situ monitoring of wire and arc additive manufacturing by digital image correlation: a case study Filipa G. Cunha a , Telmo G. Santos a , Jose´ Xavier a, ∗ a UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Abstract This paper presents a case study of in situ monitoring during wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process by using digital image correlation (DIC). A feasibility study is carried out aiming at proposing a suitable experimental set-up for in situ measurements during a WAAM process. In this work a stainless steel AISI316L was used to manufacture parallelepiped with nom inal dimensions of 130 × 25 mm. The issues related to high-intensity electromagnetic radiation and melted metal projections with regard to image acquisition were addressed. The in situ evolution of the strain field generated in the part during the manufacturing process are shown and discussed. The results show that the horizontal strain component ( ε xx ) presents higher values than the verti cal strain component ( ε yy ). The spatial and temporal strain evolution were then analysed at given locations. Strain gradient patterns were clearly observed near the layers underlying material deposition during the process. These results shown the feasibility of using in situ DIC monitoring during the WAAM process. © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of Pedro Miguel Guimaraes Pires Moreira. Keywords: Digital image correlation; In situ; Additive Manufacturing; WAAM. ICSI 2021 The 4th International Conference on Structural Integrity In situ monitoring of wire and arc additive manufacturing by digital image correlation: a case study Filipa G. Cunha a , Telmo G. Santos a , Jose´ Xavier a, ∗ a UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM), also named 3D printing, is a technique consisting in the deposition layer by layer on a substrate in order to obtain a final part based on a computer-aided design (CAD) model [1]. Due to its flexibility, this technology has gained a huge research and industrial interest in recent years [2]. This technology is able to produce parts based on a variety of polymers and metallic materials. AM is best suited for the production of specific parts, eventually with a complex geometry, due to its low production rate [3]. In addition to these advantages, AM parts are manufactured almost in their final shape and target dimensions, which reduces production time and costs [4]. However, the AM process still need further development due to issues related to internal defects and residual stresses [5]. In the framework of Industry 4.0, AM processes have become fundamental tools in developing new advanced materials [6]. Additive manufacturing (AM), also named 3D printing, is a technique consisting in the deposition layer by layer on a substrate in order to obtain a final part based on a computer-aided design (CAD) model [1]. Due to its flexibility, this technology has gained a huge research and industrial interest in recent years [2]. This technology is able to produce parts based on a variety of polymers and metallic materials. AM is best suited for the production of specific parts, eventually with a complex geometry, due to its low production rate [3]. In addition to these advantages, AM parts are manufactured almost in their final shape and target dimensions, which reduces production time and costs [4]. However, the AM process still need further development due to issues related to internal defects and residual stresses [5]. In the framework of Industry 4.0, AM processes have become fundamental tools in developing new advanced materials [6].

∗ jmc.xavier@fct.unl.pt E-mail address: jmc.xavier@fct.unl.pt ∗ jmc.xavier@fct.unl.pt E-mail address: jmc.xavier@fct.unl.pt

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of Pedro Miguel Guimaraes Pires Moreira 10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.056 2210-7843 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under r sponsibility of Pedro Miguel Guimara s Pires Moreira. 2210-7843 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of Pedro Miguel Guimaraes Pires Moreira.