PSI - Issue 37

Mohammed Zwawi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 37 (2022) 1057–1064 Mohammed Zwawi/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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design is affected by the type of object to be lifted, load limits, environmental conditions, type of motion, and operation systems. Three main factors are considered when designing a crane hook: the material, hook cross section, and hook radius. Hooks during operation are subjected to normal and bending stresses. However, bending stresses are more dominant during lifting objects, leading to hook failure. Crack initiation in hooks occurs at high-stress concentration points and is the leading cause of hook failures. Qualified inspection teams are required to visually inspect the hooks regularly based on the material and operation type of the hook. The inspection checklist covers deformation, corrosion, manufacturer markings, wear, and the existence of latches. Many research studies have analyzed the stresses of hooks under different loading conditions, simulating the stress flow to allocate areas with high-stress concentration, where failure occurs, and lower-stress concentration, where failures can potentially occur. In Ref. (Shaban et al., 2013) studied the stress concentration of a 3D hook model using a shadow optical method in ABAQUS software. The researchers concluded that enlarging the area of the inner side of the hook, where the highest stress is concentrated, can increase hook life and reduce failure probability. The study showed that cutting costs by weight reduction is feasible in manufacturing hooks while limiting stresses. A study (Bhagyaraj et al., 2017) studied the weight reduction of crane hooks with higher loads using finite element methods (FEMs). The study concluded that the size of crane hooks made of high-strength alloys can be reduced while lifting heavy load objects. Another study (Reddy et al., 2015) investigated the loading capacity and stress analysis of hooks with I- and T-sections of various materials, which were ductile to avoid sudden failures caused by being brittle. The study demonstrated that crane hooks with an I-section induced more stresses than hooks with T-sections. A study (Sai Krishna & Kumar, 2018) predicted the stress concentration points on crane hooks with different materials. They studied the stresses and deformations caused by the loading process on each material and managed to increase the hook’s working life. Moreover, a study (Bergaley & Purohit, 2013) analyzed the structure of crane hooks using FEM. The researchers modified the cross section of a crane hook based on induced stresses that were monitored using CAE software, resulting in stress concentration area reductions. Moreover, (Gopichand et al., 2013) used the Taguchi optimization method for three design parameters: hook cross section, radius of curvature, and material selection. The study illustrated the importance of design optimization methods for achieving optimum hook design that results in better load-lifting performance and reduced failure risks. In addition, a study by (Singh & Rohilla, 2015) performed hook design optimization and fatigue analysis on a trapezoidal cross section using FEM. The researchers demonstrated the effect of cyclic loading and unloading on different trapezoidal cross-section dimensions. A Research (Devaraj, 2015) used ANSYS software to analyze the stress distribution of crane hooks, setting criteria for material selection to resist cyclic loading/unloading failures, which are referred to as metal fatigue failures (Algarni, 2019). Ratnakumar et al., 2013 analyzed the stresses of hooks with different cross sections and various curvature radii. The analysis used the curved beam theory in FEM and was verified experimentally using a universal testing machine (UTM). The maximum FEM stresses were found to be lower than the experimental stresses due to various assumptions in the numerical solution. A study by (Benkar & Wankhade, 2014) showed the stress pattern using ANSYS FEA under different loading conditions on hooks with various cross sections: rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular. Additionally, (Sahu &Yadav, 2013) studied the optimum hook design dimensions for reducing maximum stresses and minimum deflections via static structural analysis using CATIA software. Moreover, research by (Sahu et al., 2012) used FEM in CATIA to identify points of maximum stress concentration on a trapezoidal cross-sectional crane hook. The research studied the effect of altering the dimensions of a trapezoidal cross section on the displacement and stress distribution during loading. A study by (Mehendale &Wankhade, 2016) analyzed the stresses and designs of an EOT crane hook carrying varying loadings and cross sections: trapezoidal, circular, and rectangular. The authors used the curved beam formula for stress calculations and concluded that hook failures are related to the hook dimensions, material used, and overloads. Another study by (Kumhar et al., 2015) analyzed a trapezoidal cross-sectional crane hook using FEA, focusing on evaluating the safety of crane hooks. Moreover, (Gerdemeli et al., 2010) used FEA to investigate new added loads such as dead weight, hook weight, wind load, and dynamic loads on tower cranes. These latter structures are designed to carry heavy loads in construction sites. The authors concluded that combination loads can cause sagging on the main beam. A research by (Zade, 2017) presented an analytical method to analyze stresses of hooks with three different materials (steel, aluminum alloy, and wrought iron) and two cross sections: rectangular and trapezoidal. The research demonstrated that stresses are induced more in trapezoidal cross sections and hooks made of steel and wrought iron. The study also showed that hooks made of wrought iron can withstand fatigue failures more