PSI - Issue 36

Teodoziia Yatsyshyn et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 362–369 Teodoziia Yatsyshyn, Myroslava Polutrenko, Lubomyr Poberezhny et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

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processes that are classified as accidents and pose a particular danger to the biosphere and, above all, to the population. Modern technologies for the operation of technical systems contain at its core on fairly simple principles based on ensuring the predictable managed reliability and transparency of the entire production complex by identifying possible risks (Khaustov and Redina (2008)). The study of environmental risk management is devoted to the work of folow authors Bachman et al. (2000), Sharfman and Fernando (2008), Poberezhny et al. (2017a, 2017b), Yavorsky et al. (2017)), which provides basic approaches to determining the risks for individual cases. Among the causes of accidents with open oil and gas fountains, about 53% of accidents at wells occur due to lack and unpreparedness of preventive explosion-proof equipment at the wellhead, 15% due to lack and inoperability of check valves for casings, more than 8% - with wear or insufficient strength of the casings (Khaustov et al. (2008)). The experience of the last 10 years shows that economic, environmental and social problems cannot be solved separately from each other. Anticipating and preventing problems through planning and forecasting is more cost effective than the cost of dealing with their consequences (Berzina (2009)). Thus, the high degree of risk of accidents that is present in the oil and gas industry requires measures to prevent dangerous consequences. 2. Establishing potential environmental risk factors at the life cycle stages of oil and gas wells A systematic approach to risk analysis requires consideration of the source of risk (engineering system, in our case all stages of the life cycle of the oil and gas well) and its natural and social environment as a whole. This statement is adhered to by a number of scientists Belov (2003) and Egorov and Savickaya (2004) . Fig. 1 shows the areas of risk intensification: natural risk can increase the value of man-made and environmental risk, while man-made risk can increase natural and environmental risks. In turn, environmental risk is a consequence of the implementation of events that cause man-made and natural risks.

Fig. 1. Directions for increasing risks in the implementation of events

At present, there is a need to take into account current trends of increasing global natural influences, such as land flooding due to rising temperatures on the planet, increasing the intensity of seismic activity and other natural phenomena that increase environmental risk. For example, the Caspian Sea level has risen, resulting in the flooding of a number of coastal wells decommissioned, which poses a high environmental risk as a result of uncontrolled fluid inflows into the environment (Agadulin et al. (2011)). Factors of potential environmental risks in the construction of oil and gas wells are presented in Table 1 (Artemchuk et al. (2017)). Sudden uncontrolled emergency situations (oil and gas condensate fountains, emergency spills of oil products) have large-scale destructive effects on the environment. In conditions like that, fatalities or other severe injuries to personnel may be present. Drilling personnel and the population of the surrounding areas are exposed to conditions that can contribute to diseases of the central nervous system, respiratory tract and hearing aid.

Table 1. Factors of potential environmental risks in the construction of oil and gas wells (Artemchuk et al. (2017)). Technical risk factors Natural risk factors Failure of equipment reliability Seismic activity rise Cement bridge demolition Flooding the wells during floods Unsealing of wellhead equipment Corrosion active surface waters Unsealing of casing stings as well as the drillstring Hydrocarbon penetration from deep strata