PSI - Issue 28

M.L. Puppio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 28 (2020) 330–343 Puppio M.L. et al/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2020) 000–000

340

11

Where: H u Height of the upstream face; H d Height of the downstream face; The distribution of r is represented in Fig. 15.

distribution of r [%]

13%

6%

7%

74%

0 ≤ r < 25 25 ≤ r < 50 50 ≤ r < 75 75 ≤ r < 100

Fig. 16. Distribution of r.

4. The survey form The form aimed at identifying a single vertical section of wall, is divided into several parts (Fig. 16). The first part of the form includes main information about geographical location, date of the on-site survey and name of the operators. Sections A to G on the left include the main features of the wall and of its surroundings. Specifically:  A identifies the accessibility of the section;  B is divided into four categories and it is referred to the building material. B1 identifies the type of masonry, with reference to seven main categories, B2 and B3 identify the type of blocks and joints, B4 is to be marked if an inner core is present;  C characterizes the presence and the type of the railing;  G identifies which kind of infrastructures and/or buildings are adjacent to the analysed section both upstream and downstream. If a building is present the number of floors is required to evaluate the approximate overload. A geometrical sketch of the section is required on the right side of the form. This can be performed by on site measurements. Finally, the form allows the possibility to include significant front pictures, sketches and notes. The sections observed during the survey present the following main features:  Upstream partial earth filling and inclined downstream face;  D identifies if vegetation and moisture are visible on the wall facings;  E identifies the presence of drains and if they are efficient or not;  F refers to the main soil lithotype;

 Upstream earth filling and inclined downstream face;  Upstream earth filling and vertical downstream face;