PSI - Issue 27

Laksmana Widi Prasetya et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 125–131 Prasetya et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

126

2

1. Introduction The SAE formula competition is intended to challenge teams of undergraduate students from universities around the world to plan, design, create, develop, and compete with formula-style small vehicles (SAE International, 2018)). Recently the automotive industry is improving performance, comfort, and safety within the driving experience, because of the development of the dynamic performance of vehicles and suspension systems that became the main focus of the industry approaching this century (Ubaidillah et al., 2011). Besides, the development in the field of safety of a driver in driving is also essential to research in providing security for a driver, wherein this case one of them is the development of a crash absorber. Besides, the event within the field of safety of a driver in driving is additionally crucial research in providing security for a driver, where during this case, one amongst them is that the development of a crash absorber. Impact attenuators, deformable energy absorbing devices installed before the front bulkhead are mounted on the front of the car to achieve this goal. That can be a vital part of a Formula SAE vehicle and could be an essential structure of the car because it is a "safety barrier between the motive force and therefore the associated surface" (Belingardi and Obradovic, 2010). The feasibility of the impact attenuator crash assesses for the entire energy absorbed further because the specific energy absorbed (SEA). Accident performance has become one among the most critical aspect of automotive passive safety. The concept is not only applied for land-based transportation (Quanjin et al., 2020; Freeman and Leith, 2020; Marzbanrad et al., 2009; Dlugosch et al., 2017; Iranitalab and Khattak, 2020; Klinger and Bohraus, 2014), but also it is adopted for the marine-based vessel, e.g., ship (Bae et al., 2016a; Muttaqie et al., 2019; Prabowo et al., 2018; 2019; 2020). Based on experience, the challenges regarding vehicles crashing into solid objects, such as sidewalks or loading docks, are very high (Jain and Kalia, 2014). The FSAE functionalities of the impact attenuator are a compilation of devices mounted at the front with a total mass of 300 kg with average deceleration and deceleration characteristics, respectively. It also should not exceed 20 g and 40 g compilation of a moving vehicle with a relentless speed of 7 m/s. the entire energy absorbed must be a minimum of 7350 Joules (Zarei and Kröger, 2008). There also are geometric limitations within the impact attenuator design. The minimum length is 200 mm and must have a height of 100 mm and a width of 200 mm for a maximum distance of 200 mm to the front of the front bulkhead (SAE International, 2018). In the event of a collision, the device must not penetrate the front bulkhead and will not be a part of the bodywork structure, installed securely, and on to the front bulkhead. When off-center and off-axis impacts occur, there must be sufficient load paths for transversal and vertical loads (Kumar et al. (2012); Singhal and Subramanium, 2013). It further stated in the regulations that on all racing cars, anti-intrusion plates must be include. This part can be made of 1.5 mm solid steel or 4.0 mm solid aluminum. Besides, all non-indestructible objects, such as the main hoop, battery, and hydraulic reservoir, must be placed behind the bulkhead because they must not be in the zone of the impact attenuator. The impact attenuator design must be of lightweight material, which can contribute to improving acceleration performance and vehicle fuel savings. And to ensure the safety of the driver in the event of an accident, the impact attenuator structure is specifically designed to absorb the kinetic energy of a racing car and limit the slowdown that works on the human body. In creating an impact attenuator, factors that can consider for material selection are cost, weight, reliability, and availability (Potabatti, 2016). Meanwhile, the impact attenuator is usually made of aluminum, honeycomb, Nomex, carbon composite, Kevlar, aluminum foil, or a combination of these materials to provide maximum protection to the driver (Boria et al., 2016; Boria and Forasassi, 2008; Munusamy and Barton, 2010). In addition to these materials, there are also other materials such as used cans for food and drinks, which usually made of aluminum and other metal alloys. Used food or beverage cans are a type of metal waste that is often recycled, and besides cans can pollute the environment when reacting with outside air so that they will rust. If rust is exposed to water and then enters the soil, it will disturb soil fertility (Anggraini et al., 2018). Another problem also exists in the use of aluminum for packaging food and soft drinks, which is increasing (Wahyuni et al., 2016). Ordinary aluminum is mixed to add mechanical properties and strength, such as aluminum foil and it is known that beverage cans contain about 92-99% of the remaining aluminum, namely copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, silica, and other metals with a lower percentage level (Zamani et al., 2014). From these problems, this study aims to produce alternative solutions to cut back pollution caused by used cans where the supply of waste food cans is lots together with the increasing use of cans as food and drinkable packaging. Also, in terms of cost, used cans are impact attenuators which tend to be