PSI - Issue 27

Eko Surojo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 14–21 Surojo et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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consists of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Flux-cored Arc Welding (FCAW), and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) (Labanowski, 2011; Barnabas et al. , 2020). This method is determined mainly in cases of urgent repair the structure (Doyen et al., 1992). Dry welding and wet welding are the working principles of underwater welding (Majumdar, 2006; Orr, 2006; Taylor and Jerzy, 2011). However, this technique has advantages and disadvantages that vary, so there is a need for consideration before the welding process is carried out. Dry welding is an underwater welding process by using a dry chamber which serves to protect the arc welding and weld metal from the water around the welding area (Labanowski, 2011). This technique can produce welding quality that is almost equivalent to the results of welding on land (Rodriguez-Sanchez et al., 2014). Dry welding uses a special chamber (dry chamber) which is conditioned in a dry environment so that the arc welding is more stable (Yang et al., 2019). The dry chamber in the welding process has a weakness are a space for a welder to be limited, and the cost for a dry chamber is expensive. Besides dry welding, wet welding is a method that uses special stick electrodes because the material and welding electrodes must be directly contacted with water in the weld area (Majumdar, 2006). Wet welding has the advantage that the operation process is relatively simple because it does not require many prepare and the motion space of the welder is unlimited. Therefore, the cost required is relatively cheaper than dry welding (Orr, 2006). Wet welding has many adverse effects, such as, decreasing the mechanical properties of the material, increasing the cooling rate of the underwater welding joints, increasing the welding porosity slag trapped in welds, and changing in the chemical composition of weld results (Purnama et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020). The metallic material is a material that is often used in engineering construction. If the material is the process of joining by welding, the material will change in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material (Guo et al., 2015). Gao et al. (2016) examined the microstructure and mechanical performance of underwater wet welded S355 steel. It can apply to marine structures. Pedati et al. (2017) conducted a study on 5052-AA workpieces that were welded using the FSW technique in underwater and in water. The differences in the mechanical properties and microstructural features of both joints. Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to discuss the materials that will be used in underwater welding specifically for metallic materials. To become a comprehensive and easily understood material, a review of this article was carried out. This review is expected to be a reference in mapping underwater weld joint research, making it easier for researchers to find out the characteristics of the material used in underwater weld joints. 2. Underwater welding Underwater welding is a material welding technique using special equipment that is carried out underwater. Underwater welding was discovered by Konstantin Khrenov in 1894. At that time, Khrenov was studying electrical welding, engineering, and mathematics. He was teaching and researching at Saint Petersburg State Electro-Technical University (ETU) (Barnabas et al. , 2020). He believes that this welding technique is considered the most effective way to repair damage to the ship. In recent years, the development of marine resource exploitation and utilization is driven so rapidly. Most ocean engineering structures have main components submerged in sea-water, so the research on underwater welding is essential for the offshore industry (Chen et al., 2018; 2020). Underwater welding is classified into two based on welding techniques, namely dry and wet welding (Majumdar, 2006; Orr, 2006; Taylor and Jerzy, 2011). The difference between dry and wet welding, which one of them is the condition of the welding area (Chen et al., 2018). Dry welding is an underwater welding technique by using a dry chamber welding component, so arc weld is not in contact with water around the welding area (Labanowski, 2011). Wet welding is a welding technique that direct contact with water in the environment around welding (Majumdar, 2006). Dry welding is an underwater welding process by using a dry chamber or dry hyperbaric chamber (Barnabas et al., 2020). Dry welding conditions, as shown in Fig. 1a. The dry chamber is considered to protect the welding arc weld. If the welding arc is stable, the welding metal will increase strength and tenacity, high corrosion resistance, and a small amount of hydrogen gas produced during the welding process (Hu et al., 2018). But, the presence of the dry chamber in the welding process has a weakness because the space for a welder to be limited, the equipment may be costly and complicated (Burner, 1978). Wet welding is a welding process using special stick electrodes (Majumdar, 2006). The base metal, electrode, and welder must be contacted directly with water around welding (Fydrych et al., 2013). Wet welding conditions, as shown in Fig. 1b. Wet welding has the advantage that the operation process is