PSI - Issue 27

Aldias Bahatmaka et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 6–13 Bahatmaka et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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1. Introduction In the decade past of the shipping production, the numerical approach has been used to solve engineering problems. There is an increasing number of studies to investigate the shipping analysis by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD method is based on the potential flow theory using Navier-Stokes equations that were considered as problem-solving (Horvat, 2016). Then a solution had been proposed by Reynold-Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations to compute the numerical simulation. Several studies in CFD have been conducted for ship analysis, such as ship resistance investigation on CFD (Bahatmaka and Kim, 2019). Another approach for propeller simulation and validation of CFD to the experimental (Bahatmaka et al., 2019). The use of the numerical procedure for wind loads investigation, e.g., tall building, bridge, ship container, and other high structure designs. In the structure, a design must be able to withstand external loads imposed by nature, such as wind, at least to the extent of the disastrous damage of natural force. Several studies have been conducted for the wind loads analysis by CFD (Swaddiwudhipong and Khan, 2003; Tamura et al., 2008; Mahajan et al., 2014; Verma et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015; Bairagi and Dalui, 2018; Haines and Taylor, 2018). The evaluation of wind loads on a solar panel using CFD has been discussed that the CFD results showed good agreement with full-scale measurements (Bitsuamlak et al., 2010). The scaling effects on offshore wind turbines using CFD have been conducted and confirmed that the flow turbines could be the solution at model scale conditions in CFD (Sumner et al., 2010; Make and Vaz, 2015). Another investigation that has related to a local scale forcing effect has been conducted to show the impact of geometrical simplification using CFD (Ricci et al., 2017). And also, using CFD simulation on interference effects between offshore wind turbines has been conducted and well-performed (Weihing et al., 2014). In other analysis, the structural design and investigation have experienced quite rapid analysis, including in subjected to structural failure or damage (Prabowo et al., 2018). The ship structure was tested with towing tanks that have been conducted to validate the numerical approach (Insel and Molland, 1992). According to Cou et al., (2013), the wind loads influence the failure structure or damage incidents were identified of insufficient material strength, wind frequency, and resonance effects. The assessment of the present research is also considered as a potential contribution to engineering safety design. 2. Wind loads incidents Wind loads incident in recent years shows the structure design and installation are an important thing. Another parameter that should be considered for this condition is the adequacy of wind design and construction practices for temporary installation or permanent. Based on the data in New York City, building codes paid limited attention to wind loads and design. The code allowed the wind loads to be neglected for most structures under 100ft. For other structures, the designer had to provide for a wind load to of 20 psf independent of the height of the structure. The data analyzed in this study covered the period from January 2006 until July 2009 and was extracted from the department’s incident database. Almost every incident could potentially result in a person being injured or in serious property damage. There were no such wind-related calls in 2006 against 15 in the first half of 2009. The slight bias is thus towards events involving construction activities on high rise buildings, especially in 2009. Fig. 1 shows the fatalities during construction activities.

Fig. 1. Fatalities wind incidents: (a) Construction vs. Non-Construction wind incidents, and (b) Injuries and fatalities (Eschenasy, 2010). (a) (b)