PSI - Issue 27

Hammar Ilham Akbar et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 30–37 Akbar et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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3.3. Groundnut shell ash Ground shell ash (GSA) is waste from beans. The existence of peanut shell waste has not been utilized. Peanut production throughout the world, which reaches more than 16 million tons every year, makes the peanut shell waste easily accessible (Usman et al., 2013). Chemical observations on GSA show that GSA contains oxide compounds such as aluminum oxide, iron oxide, and silicon oxide (Alaneme et al., 2018). It allows GSA as reinforcement on metal matrix composites. The production of metal matrix composites with hybrid GSA and SiC reinforcement has been studied before (Alaneme et al., 2018). The reinforcement fraction of 6% wt and 10% wt with GSA and SiC ratios of 0: 1, 1: 3, 3: 1, 1: 0 results in increased hardness and tensile strength compared to Al alloy. The percentage of elongation and fracture toughness increases with the increase in GSA content. Sugar cane is a renewable, carbon-neutral plant and has a high energy conversion rate. Sugarcane byproducts are yellowish particles produced after the grinding process, i.e., bagasse. This product contains water, cellulose fiber, and other minerals such as methane. Sugarcane bagasse is usually burned to fuel the sugar cane milling machine. This combustion results in irregular and porous shaped ash. EDS results show that BA is rich in Si elements in the range of 62-71% wt while XRD investigations show BA of oxide oxides such as SiO 2 , CaO, Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Fe 3 O 4 . The density test showed the specific gravity of BA was 1,234 g/cm 3 (Imran and Khan, 2018). 3.5. Coconut shell ash Coconut shell ash (CSA) is accessible agricultural waste, especially in tropical countries. The burning of CSA caused CO 2 and methane pollution, which can affect human health. XRF analysis showed the CSA contains oxides, as shown in Table 4, so that it can be used as reinforcement for metal matrix composites. Besides oxide compounds, CSA also has a low density of 2.05 g/cm 3 (Madakson et al., 2012). Fig.7 showed the morphology of CSA. Besides containing the oxide compounds, CSA has a low density that 2.05 g/cm 3 (Madakson 2012). The addition CSA to hybrid composite increases the hardness and strength material with an additional 8%wt of CSA. Compressive strength of composites increased at the addition of 6% wt CSA. Wear properties show that composite wears resistance increases when CSA is added to Al6061-SiC composites (Satheesh and Pugazhvadivu, 2019). Table 4. Chemical composition of CSA particles (Madakson et al., 2012) . Element Al 2 O 3 CaO Fe 2 O 3 K 2 O MgO Na 2 O SiO 2 MnO ZnO % 15.6 0.57 12.4 0.52 16.2 0.45 45.05 0.22 0.3 4. Conclusions Studies on composite reinforcement using industrial and agricultural wastes show that the waste has high economic potential due to its use as reinforcement for metal composites. The addition of reinforcement from industrial and agricultural wastes shows an increase in mechanical properties. In addition to improving mechanical properties, another advantage is the reduction of industrial and agricultural waste. Especially for agricultural waste, the release of oxides into the atmosphere due to decay or combustion processes will be reduced. This paper review suggests that researchers utilize waste from local potential as raw material, development, and production of metal matrix composites. 3.4. Sugar bagasse ash