PSI - Issue 27

Hammar Ilham Akbar et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 30–37 Akbar et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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1. Introduction Lightweight material requirements are increasing year by year with energy-saving campaigns around the world. The main advantage of lightweight materials in transportation is saving fuel and increasing acceleration (Kandpal et al., 2017). One of the high-tech materials that have light and excellent properties is aluminum matrix composites (AMCs). AMCs are a combination of several materials, one of which is aluminum, where the improvement of its properties can be achieved with certain combinations (Nagaral et al., 2017). AMCs have advantages including lightweight, low heat coefficient, good formability and improved mechanical properties (Soltani et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017), with these various advantages, AMC products are widely used in the automotive, aerospace, electronics and structure industries (Soltani et al., 2017). Widespread use of aluminum composites in various industries (Alaneme and Sanusi, 2015) has an impact on the increasing demand for aluminum in the automotive, defense, aerospace, and marine sectors (Akbar et al., 2018; 2020). The development of hybrid composites is becoming a concern in recent years. Hybrid composites are composites that have more than one reinforcement added to the matrix to increase properties and reduce the cost of producing composites (Awasthi et al., 2018). Ceramic particles such as Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , SiC, TiO 2, and graphite are commonly used as reinforcement in AMCs (Bisane et al., 2015). Factors that influenced the selection of reinforcing material include the type and shape of reinforcement that affected the properties of AMCs (Garg et al., 2019). However, the use of ceramic reinforcement such as SiC, Al 2 O 3 , and TiO 2 has expensive production costs, thereby limiting AMC applications in automotive and other applications (Tiwari and Pradhan, 2017). One innovation to reduce production costs is the use of organic materials and industrial waste. Researchers works have been studied natural resources and industrial waste as reinforcement at AMC (Patel et al., 2017; Ravikumar et al., 2017; Reddy and Srinivas, 2018). The natural resources such as bean pod ash have been investigated as reinforcement on composites (Aigbodion, 2019). The addition of bean pod ash improves the mechanical properties of AMC. AMC material with bean pod ash can is used as a substitute material on the connecting rod. Comparative production costs of eggshell and snail shell waste materials in hybrid aluminum composites produce lower production costs than production with composites with ceramic reinforcement (Bose et al., 2018). Industrial wastes such as fly ash are used as composite reinforcement, materials with fly ash reinforcement produce composites with homogeneous reinforcement distribution (Dinaharan and Akinlabi, 2018). Other coal combustion wastes such as bottom ash can also be used as reinforcement at AMC (Abdulrahim and Seputro, 2016; Seputro et al., 2017). Wettability of the bottom ash can be increased by electroless coating and the addition of Mg as a wetting agent (Prastio et al., 2017). This paper reports on the use of organic materials and industrial waste as reinforcement for AMC. This paper also reports on the mechanical properties and applications of AMC with natural resources and industrial waste. This article discusses the types of reinforcement comprehensively based on natural resources and industrial waste studied in recent years. It is encouraged that the development of an environmentally-based AMC with low production costs can be achieved so that the use of AMC ’s can be used in an extensive field . 2. Industrial waste reinforcement 2.1. Fly ash Coal consists of organic compounds and some inorganic minerals which are flammable. More than one billion metric tons are mined, and 90% of the results are used as fuel in power plants. Coal combustion produces solid particles originating from non-combustion portions of coal, in the United States more than 100 million tons of ash (fly ash, bottom ash, slag) are produced from coal combustion (Kutchko and Kim, 2006). Coal-burning ash is generally classified as fly ash and bottom ash. Fly ash is ash with small particle size, while bottom ash is ash with larger particle size so that it settles to the bottom of furnaces. Fly ash can be separated into two groups, namely, cenosphere fly ash and precipitator. Cenosphere is fly ash in the form of hollow particles so that it can be used as an ultra-lightweight composite reinforcement because of its low density. In contrast, the precipitator is fly ash in the form of solid particles, which can improve various properties of composite materials, such as strength stiffness, wear resistance, and reduced