PSI - Issue 2_B

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Av ilable o line at ww.sciencedire t.com ienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Procedia Struc ural Integrity 2 (2016) 2865–2872 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000

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XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. 21st European Conference on Fracture, ECF21, 20-24 June 2016, Catania, Italy Pull-out of threaded reinforcing bars from marble blocks I. Dakanali a , I. Stavrakas b , D. Triantis b and S. K. Kourkoulis a * a Laboratory of Testing and Materials, Department of Mechanics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 73 Athens, Greece b Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Materials, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Egaleo, 12210, Greece Abstract Rejoining fragmented marble structural members of the Acropolis of Athens monuments is achieved by inserting threaded titanium bars into holes pre-drilled in the body of the members. Then the holes are fille with liquid cementitious material. This study aims to investigate the extraction of the bars from the marble volume (pull-out) in an effort to enlighten the mechanisms activated before and during the phenomenon. The study is implemented experimentally. The main problem hard to overcome was the fact that the weak link of the marble-cement-titanium complex, which is the marble-cement interface, is inaccessible for traditional sensing techniques. In this context innovative techniques were employed (Acoustic Emission and Pressure Stimulated Currents), which can detect failure and damages at the interior of the complex. Traditional sensing techniques were used in parallel mainly for calibration / validation reasons. The specimens, prepared by experienced personnel of the Parthenon’s worksite, were prisms made of Dionys s marble. Threaded titanium bars were inserted into through holes filled with a liquid ceme t past . The qua tities r corded during the test w re the load, the displacement, the bar’ axial strain and relative slip with respect to the arble, the el ct ic l signals emitted and th acoustic emissions produc d. Conclusi ns are dra n concerning cor elati ns between the above quantities. The data gathered were then used to validate numerical models which will be used for parametric analyses. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. Keywords: marble; stone m numents; pull-out; restoration; contact interfaces; acoustic emission; pressure stimulated currents 1. Introduction The structural restoration of stone monuments is a complicated task that demands the co-operation of specialists from various scientific disciplines such as archeologists, architects, structural engineers, chemical engineers and survey engineers. The final decision made is usually a compromise between many and contradictory points of view. The basic problem in case of marble monuments is the restoration of their monolithic character which is sometimes 21st European Conference on Fracture, ECF21, 20-24 June 2016, Catania, Italy Pull-out of threaded reinforcing bars from marble blocks I. Dakanali a , I. Stavrakas b , D. Triantis b and S. K. Kourkoulis a * a Laboratory of Testing and Materials, Department of Mechanics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 73 Athens, Greece b Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Materials, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Egaleo, 12210, Greece Abstract Rejoining fragmented marble structural members of the Acropolis of Athens monuments is achieved by inserting threaded titanium bars into holes pre-drilled in the body of the members. Then the holes are filled with liquid cementitious material. This study aims to investigate the extraction of the bars from the marble volume (pull-out) in an effort to enlighten the mechanisms activated before and during the phenomenon. The study is implemented experimentally. The main problem hard to overcome was the fact that the weak link of the marble-cement-titanium complex, which is the marble-cement interface, is inaccessible for traditional sensing techniques. In this context innovative techniques were employed (Acoustic Emission and Pressure Stimulated Currents), which can detect failure and damages at the interior of the complex. Traditional sensing techniques were used in parallel mainly for calibration / validation reasons. The specimens, prepared by experienced personnel of the Parthenon’s worksite, were prisms made of Dionysos marble. Threaded titanium bars were inserted into through holes filled with a liquid cement paste. The quantities recorded during the tests were the load, the displacement, the bar’s axial strain and relative slip with respect to the marble, the electrical signals emitted and the acoustic emissions produced. Conclusions are drawn concerning correlations between the above quantities. The data gathered were then used to validate numerical models which will be used for parametric analyses. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. Keywords: marble; stone monuments; pull-out; restoration; contact interfaces; acoustic emission; pressure stimulated currents 1. Introduction The structural restoration of stone mo uments is a complicated task that demands the co-operation of specialists from various scientific disciplines such as archeologists, architects, structural engineers, chemical engineers and survey engineers. The final decision made is usually a compromise between many and contradictory points of view. The basic problem in case of marble monuments is the restoration of their monolithic character which is sometimes Copyright © 2016 The Author . Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of CF21. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt 2452-3216 © 201 6 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsib lity of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. 2452-3216 © 201 6 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 0030-210-7721263; fax: 0030-210-7721302. E-mail address: stakkour@central.ntua,gr * Corresponding author. Tel.: 0030-210-7721263; fax: 0030-210-7721302. E-mail address: stakkour@central.ntua,gr

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ). Peer review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.358