PSI - Issue 82

Addisu Bonger et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 82 (2026) 30–36 Addisu et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000

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In the analysis method, the effective stress of concrete is determined based on the assumed strain of the solid skeleton (Maekawa et al., 2003). An elasto-plastic and fracturing model is applied to solid concrete, considering both long and short-term time dependency of the constitutive law, as well as the effect of 3D confinement. Stresses are computed using direct path integration of the straining of finite elements, which inherently accounts for the impact of strain rate. The impact action is closely related to the inertia of mass and may lead to the creation of 3D confinement around the explosive area. Then, the models apply to integrate strain rate and 3D confinement for explosive fracture analysis. After cracking, the analysis method applies for a multi-directional, non-orthogonal post-cracking model. This model incorporates compression-tension along cracks, shear transfer through cracking planes, and tension transfer by the local bond mechanism of reinforcement and concrete to construct the space-averaged constitutive model of cracked concrete. Additionally, to address extreme damage induced by significant shear and compression, the graveling of concrete is considered in this modeling approach (Yamanoi and Maekawa, 2022). 2.2. Specimens’ information The experimental findings obtained on two specimens presented in previous research (Wada et al., 2021) were utilized as a reference of verification and validation of the simulation. Fig. 1 illustrates the plane, side and front views of the two steel-concrete composite structures. The structure is composed of a reinforced concrete slab on top of a steel girder and stud dowels having a diameter of 22 mm and a height of 130 mm. In the slab of dimensions 900 mm ´ 300 mm ´ 200 mm, blast holes that can hold the cartridges (energy sources) containing the self-reactive liquid are drilled and covered by stemming material. The bars indicated in orange are steel rebars, and the blue and red sections in the figure are the stud dowels and cartridges producing electric discharge impulses (EDICS). The distinct dissimilarity between the two types of specimens, specimen A (Fig. 1 (a)) and specimen B (Fig. 1(b)), is the horizontal spatial distance ( D L ) between each stud dowel in the direction of the axis of the specimen. The distance D L is 200 mm for the specimen A and 100 mm for the specimen B. Accordingly, the cartridges set in the specimen B are double in number. a b

Stud dowel

Concrete

Cartridge

ΔL = 100 m

ΔL = 200 mm

girder

Stemming

.

Fig. 2. Finite element models (a) specimen A; (b) specimen B.

Table 1. Material properties of nitromethane.

3 )

t start (μs)

t peak (μs)

p (GPa)

ρ (g/cm

Specific figures of nitromethane

0

55

1.1

1.14