PSI - Issue 39

Abdoullah Namdar / Procedia Structural Integrity 39 (2022) 47–56 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

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Table 2. The statistical analysis displacement from 2.5 seconds to 4.00 seconds. Statistical results Model 1 Model 2 R 2 0.93 0.95 RMSE 11.3 10.3

4. Conclusion The unreinforced and reinforced subsoil was installing beneath the embankment. The model subjected to the seismic load in three directions simultaneously. The critical parts of the subsoil selected and simulation of the crack made on subsoil. Developing the displacement and strain modeled concerning the impact of the crack extension on embankment-subsoil seismic response. The results of the numerical simulation illustrate the reinforcing subsoil minimizing strain, and displacement, finally improving seismic stability of the embankment-subsoil model. The geogrid sheet designing impacts on the crack extension. The reinforced subsoil act as a composite material with a higher load transmission capacity in the model. After sustaining the nonlinear loading by the soil and starting the soil- geogrid sheet, the seismic loading with being controlling by the geogrid sheet. Enhancing the tensile strength of the soil by the geogrid sheet improves the tensile strength of the soil, and causes minimizing crack extension in the subsoil. The R 2 is increasing and RMSE is reducing with reinforcing of the subsoil. The statistical model verified the accuracy of the numerical. In the future, the crack on the unsaturated reinforced subsoil has to be investigating with an appropriate geogrid sheet design. The failure pattern is associated with the subsoil strength and stiffness. In soil crack simulation for the embankment, the types of the soil, size of steel bar, and location of the reinforcement could be parameters for future research investigation. Acknowledgments The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest. References American institute of steel construction (AISC). 2009. Detail for steel construction. Third edition. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56424-059-2. Ayatollahi, M.R., Rashidi Moghaddam, M., Berto, F. 2005. A generalized strain energy density criterion for mixed mode fracture analysis in brittle and quasibrittle materials. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 79, 70-76. Bordonaro, G.G., Leardi, R., Diviani, L., Berto, F. 2018. Design of Experiment as a powerful tool when applying Finite Element Method: a case study on prediction of hot rolling process parameters. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale. 12 44, 1-15. Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD), https://strongmotioncenter.org/ Iacoviello, F., Di Cocco, V., Bellini, C. 2019. Overload effects on fatigue cracks in a ferritized ductile cast iron. International Journal of Fatigue 127, 376-381. Iacoviello, F., Di Cocco, V., Cavallini, M. 2015. Fatigue crack tip damaging micromechanisms in a ferritic-pearlitic ductile cast iron, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 9, 111-119. Iacoviello, F., Di Cocco, V., Rossi, A., Cavallini, M., 2013. Pearlitic ductile cast iron: damaging micromechanisms at crack tip. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 7, 102-108. Lazzarin, P., Berto, F. 2005. Some expressions for the strain energy in a finite volume surrounding the root of blunt V-notches, International Journal of Fatigue 135, 161-185. Lazzarin, P., Berto, F., Zappalorto, M. 2010. Rapid calculations of notch stress intensity factors based on averaged strain energy density from coarse meshes: theoretical bases and applications. International Journal of Fatigue 32, 1559-1567. Lei, W.S., Qian, G., Yu, Z., Berto, F. 2019. Statistical size scaling of compressive strength of quasi-brittle materials incorporating specimen length to-diameter ratio effect. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 104, 102345. Namdar, A. 2012. Natural minerals mixture for enhancing concrete compressive strength. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 22, 26-30. Namdar, A. 2020a. The multilayered soil-structure seismic interaction and structure vibration mechanism. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 51, 267-274. Namdar, A. 2020b. The forecasting bearing capacity of the mixed soil using artificial neural network. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale. 53, 285- 294. Namdar, A. 2021a. Nonlinear lateral displacement of the single pile - A seismic analytical investigation. Engineering Failure Analysis 127, 105509. Namdar, A. 2021b. The boundary condition simulation quality for embankment seismic response. Engineering Failure Analysis 126,105491.